A Comparison Study Of Comparative Category In Korean And Chinese

Comparisons are a thinking process as well as the method of human beings,which are embodied in language as comparative categories.The study of comparative categories has always been an important topic in academia,and the comparative sentence is also one of the hot topics in linguistic typology.The study of contrastive sentences in Chinese and Korean academic circles shows an unbalanced phenomenon.The research on Chinese comparative sentences got remarkable results both in theoretical research and in applied research,showing a trend of meticulous description,in-depth interpretation and diverse perspectives.The study of Korean comparative sentences is relatively weak.Although scholars in academic circles have also involved in the comparative study of the category of difference between Chinese and Korean,most of the studies focus on the comparative study of the affirmative form of difference sentence,and the results of the comparative study are uneven.We believe that the most important thing for the comparative study of Chinese and Korean is to establish a framework suitable for the comparative study of Chinese and Korean.Generally speaking,defining a category by form has much limitation but defining it by semantic function has not.Therefore,based on the prototype category,we have established Chinese-Korean comparative categories in order to make a comprehensive and systematic study of the coding methods and semantic features of Chinese-Korean contrast semantics.The conclusions drawn in this paper are as follows:(1)We have established four basic semantic foundations for the comparative category of Korean and Chinese,which are comparability,homogeneous comparison,differences,degrees/quantity variations.Only sentence patterns that satisfy these four semantic conditions can enter the comparative category.There are three ways to encode the comparative semantics:syntactic means,lexical means and word order means.Chinese also has these three kinds of comparative semantic coding means,but there is no word order in Korean.Under the guidance of the prototype category theory,we divide the comparative category into two sub-categories of the comparative of superiority and comparative of inferiority.(2)Chinese and Korean contrastive sentences are composed of four basic types of parameters,namely,comparative subject,standard,markers and comparing results.We find that the comparative subject and standard of Chinese contrastive sentences can be acted by either the nominal component or the predicative component,while the comparative subject and standard of Korean contrastive sentences can only be acted by the nominal component.The comparative subject and standard of action must be transformed into the nominal component by the end of the noun part of speech before they can appear in the position of the comparative items.In terms of semantics,comparative items can express other and self-comparative meanings,the same cognitive domain meanings and different cognitive domain meanings.There are similarities in semantics,which indicates that there are cognitive similarities between the two nations in the relationship between the things constituting comparative relations.(3)The most important semantic feature of the contrastive sentences is[+degree/quantity change],and the semantic feature of quantitative change is mainly reflected by comparing results.In Chinese,verb components and adjective components can serve as comparing result.In addition to verb components and adjective components in Korean,nouns can also serve as comparing results.In Chinese-Korean,the adjectives used as the comparing result can appear in the form of a small amount of adverbs and a high degree of adverbs.The degree difference component of Korean adjectives before the comparing result is mainly used by specific numerical nouns as the adverbial of the sentence;in Chinese,the specific or fuzzy numerical nouns are used as the difference component of the degree,which serves as the complement of the sentence.(4)Quantitative verbs,psychological verbs and general verbs can be used as comparing results in Chinese-Korean contrastive sentences,but they are subject to more semantic restrictions.In the Chinese-Korean language,the number of verbs can not appear in the form of polished rods,and the expression indicating the difference in quantity is added.There are two ways to express differences in Chinese.One is to add a number or a quantity phrase after the quantity verb;the other is to add the tense verb"le(?)" after the quantity verb.In Korean,the main difference is by adding a number,a quantity phrase or an adverb before the quantity verb.In the Chinese excellent sentence,the adverb "?/?" generally cannot appear before the number verb,while the Korean "(?)" can appear before the number verb.When the Chinese-Korean psychological verbs serve as a comparing result,the object must be added afterwards,and the degree adverb "?/?" or "(?)" can appear before it.In Chinese contrastive sentence,if general verbs are to be used as comparing results,there are usually four ways to achieve them,adjectives+verbs;auxiliary verbs +verbs;verbs+non-quantitative adjectives;+abstract nouns;there are mainly three ways to achieve in Korean,adverbs+verb;verb+idiom;abstract noun+(?).(5)The nouns that satisfy certain semantic features in Korean contrastive sentences can also serve as comparing results.We summarize three types of semantic features,which are the azimuth nouns that satisfy the semantic features of[+degree]and[+azimuth]at the same time;Nouns,such as[+people],[+measurable],such as"(?)";and nouns that satisfy[+degree][+attribute],mainly "abstract nouns+(?)" Derivatives.There is no contrastive sentence in Chinese that is used as a comparing result and expresses the comparative semantics.(6)The most obvious difference in the syntactic form between Chinese and Korean comparative of inferiority is that negative words are attached to different components.In the "??" sentence,the degree adverbs and degree difference components cannot appear before and after the predicate component,which is mainly influenced by the semantic constraints on the syntactic structure.We believe that the comparing result can be formed by the adjective "X(?)Y(?)Z(?)" type sub-sentence Chinese "X ?? YZ" sentence,and the two have semantic commonality,which can express "inferior" semantics.And the pragmatic meanings of both have the emotional color of expressing regret that they have not reached a certain standard.(7)We make a comparative study of Chinese and Korean comparative sentences from the following three aspects:the asymmetry of adding subsidiary elements to the comparative result item,the asymmetry of the semantic tendency of the comparative result of adjectives,the asymmetry of the positive and negative forms of comparative sentences,and find that the two languages have similarities in these aspects.(8)The word order of the standard phrase in the Korean comparative sentence is relatively free compared to the Chinese comparative sentence.Predicate or part of predicate can not be used as a comparative subject and standard in Chinese comparative sentences.In Korean,object elements can act as comparative subjects and standard for comparison.