Research On Urban Management In Tang Dynasty

The city is an important form of settlement for human production and life,its existence and development requires effective management.The Tang Dynasty is an important stage in the development of Chinese cities,and also an important period of urban management development.At present,academic circles have done a lot of research on Tang Dynasty's city,but these are mainly limited to Changan's market and public security.In fact,urban management is a complex system engineering and there are still many areas worth studying.From a historical perspective,the in-depth and systematic study of the management of capital and local cities in the Tang Dynasty is of great significance for promoting the study on history of the Tang Dynasty and deepening the understanding of the Tang Dynasty society.Chinese cities originated at the end of the primitive society,and formed initially during the Xia,Shang and Zhou Dynasties.Later,it gained great development during the Spring and Autumn period and Warring states period,the Qin and Han Dynasties,the Wei,Jin and the North-South Dynasties.The development of Chinese cities have reached a higher level before the Sui and Tang Dynasties,and accumulated some experience in urban management.These are the historical foundations of urban management in the Tang Dynasty.During the Tang Dynasty,all cities in the country have developed rapidly,and the social management system was also more perfect.These laid a realistic foundation for urban management in the Tang Dynasty and proposed objective requirements for strengthening urban management.The urban management of the Tang Dynasty was first manifested in the management of urban planning.On the macro level,the Tang Dynasty managed the setting and ranking of the cities,and formed a three-level urban system consisting of the capital city——state city——county city.On the micro level,the Tang Dynasty also has a strict management system for the decision-making,preparation and implementation of the layout planning of the capital and local cities.Urban life contains rich economic content,so economic management plays an important role in urban management in the Tang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty attaches great importance to market management,establishes decrees to set up the market,set up institutions that specializes in managing the market,stipulated the time and place of market transactions,and strengthened the monitoring of commodity quality and the management of market order.In the management of handicraft industry,the Tang Dynasty strengthened the management of the official handicraft industry and the private handicraft industry.The dynasty not only set up the relevant institutions for the management of the official handicraft industry,but also made specific provisions on the collection of worker,the supply of raw materials and the control of the product quality.Tang Dynasty has a discriminatory policy towards private handicrafts and manage private craftsmen by preparing special worker's household registration.At the same time,the autonomous guild organization has appeared in the private handicraft industries in the Tang Dynasty,and played a certain role in the self-management of the private handicraft industry.About the national warehouse,warehouse of stabilizing prices and warehouse of disaster relief,the dynasty has detailed regulations on the setting of the warehouse and its management institutions,warehousing,safekeeping and expenditure of properties in the warehouse.The city is a complex social system,so the management of urban society is also very important.The management of urban society in the Tang Dynasty includes these managements of urban population,community,public security and infrastructure.The management of urban population mainly involved in two types of people who have urban household registration and floating population who is from home or abroad.The management of urban community mainly researched on the system design and practice of the community,its management function and foreign residents communities in some coastal cities,such as Silla Fang and foreign Fang.About the management of urban security,the dynasty set up some institutions in all cities.In the law of the Tang Dynasty,there were also penalties for acts that endangered public security such as murder,theft and fighting,etc.In addition,the dynasty also implemented systems of the group guarantee,curfew and prohibitions of possession of weapons in the cities.The management of urban infrastructures in the Tang Dynasty is mainly about the construction,maintenance and use of gates and walls,roads and bridges,canals and wells in the cities.The city is not only an economic center where material production activities are concentrated,but also a cultural center for education and religion in a country or region.Therefore,the Tang Dynasty also attached great importance to the management of urban culture.Official school is the most important management object in urban education management in the Tang Dynasty.The management of the national schools included in the students'admission,teaching,life and foreign students.The official schools in the local cities are managed by local doctors and other relevant officials.For private schools in the cities,the dynasty has always implemented an encouraging and inclusive policy.In the cities of the Tang Dynasty,there are the administrative agencies,including the Office of Taoist Worship,the Ministry of Sacrifice,the Ministry of Personnel in the state government,and the religious self-managers,including the three classes,Central Buddhist Registry and defenders of Taoist commandments.The Tang government also has certain control over the construction of Buddhist and Taoist temples,and becoming a monk or nun or Taoist priest.There are some decrees that penalize these monks or nun or Taoist priest who violated violated religious precepts or law.In addition,the Tang Dynasty also took some measures to manage foreign religions,such as Maniche,Zoroastrianis,Nestorian and folk beliefs.Because the ecological environment also has a major impact on the city,the Tang Dynasty took some measures to manage the urban environment.According to historical records,there were departments such as the Bureau of Forestry and Crafts,and the Court for the National Treasury responsible for the management of the urban environment.The rulers of the Tang Dynasty also promulgated bans on wildlife,established some protection zone,and attached importance to urban greening.And there are regulations for maintaining urban public health in Tang law.Cities often suffer floods,droughts,fires and wars,causing to face some crises.In order to ensure that the city can effectively respond to various crises and reduce losses,the Tang government adopted series of countermeasures before,during and after the crisis.Throughout the analysis of the full text,the management of the cities in the Tang Dynasty has three remarkable characteristics that the first is centralized hierarchical management and urban-rural integration in the management model,the second is forming a government-based unified management entity,and finally,administrative management is still the main means of management,the application of legal and economic methods is increasing.The main achievements of urban management in the Tang Dynasty include adhering to the principle of "putting people first" and "governing the city by law",attaching importance to managements of urban planning,economic,social,cultural and ecological environment.These achievements laid the foundation for the long-term prosperity of the Tang Dynasty and the rapid development of the cities.Inevitably,there are many deficiencies in the urban management.From a long period of urban development,the management of cities in the Tang Dynasty has a connecting link between the past and future,and also positive inspiration for the current urban management.The innovations of the paper are mainly reflected in the two aspects.First,this paper makes a systematic study of the management of cities in the Tang Dynasty by using the theories of history and urban management,and takes local urban management as an important research object.Second,it also expands the scope of the study of urban management in the Tang Dynasty by incorporating urban planning,culture,environment and crisis.