Research On The Thoughts Of Hominology In "Das Kapital"

When Marx talked about the "three forms" of social development in the "Critique of Political Economy(1857-1858 Manuscript)",This paper analyzes the three stages of human development: the stage of human dependence,the stage of human independence based on material dependence,and the stage of human free personality development.The people that Marx discussed in "Capital" are the people in the second stage,that is,people based on the dependence of things.The so-called "things" in the dependence of things are commodities,money,and capital.The dependence of people on things is the dependence of people on "commodities,money,and capital," and people are mainly people in the relationship between capital and employment.In other words,the people in the "Capital Theory" are real people and specific people in special economic relations.The theory of man in the "Capital" discussed in this article is to discuss Marx's thoughts on human nature,human existence,and human development.It focuses on the social relations and the essence of human beings formed in employment labor,the existence of human beings as a special commodity,the partial division of labor in society,the alienation of labor and the unilateral deformed development of human beings,the alienation of human beings and the value of human beings in capitalist society.The problem of devaluation and the restriction and hindrance of the capital logic to the free and comprehensive development and liberation of human beings.In "capital theory",from the analysis of commodities,Marx studied the value and use value of commodities,labor force became a commodity phenomenon,and further explored the mystery of the formation of surplus value.Marx pointed out that labor,as a special commodity,hides the secret of capitalist exploitation of workers.Human labor is the basis of capital appreciation,the surplus value generated by labor is the key factor of capital appreciation,and surplus value is a product of exploitation for laborers.Under the capitalist society capital appreciation logic,labor as a "special commodity" is only an economic factor in the process of capital appreciation.In this way,human labor has become object labor,and human has become a "special commodity" of personification.In the process of capitalist production,labor force becomes a special commodity,and externalization becomes an abstraction of social relations.This abstraction is embodied in the materialized society elaborated by Marx in Capital.In such a materialized society,the relationship between people is characterized by the relationship between things and things,and there is a "materialization of social relations." phenomenon,Social phenomena such as commodity fetishism,currency fetishism and capital fetishism have emerged.It can be seen that "the essence of human beings is the sum of social relations." In "Capital Theory," Limakesi expressed "the sum of materialized social relations," revealing the actual meaning and real situation of human nature in capitalist society.This is the profound conclusion of Mark's examination of the nature of human beings in capitalist society.At the same time,from the perspective of human being as a special commodity,we can also explore the special existence of human being as a special commodity.In a capitalist society where capital appreciation is the dominant force,the division of labor between the handicraft stage of the workshop and the large industrial stage of the machine has also brought about a corresponding transformation in social labor.The concrete labor as the natural material nature of the total labor and the abstract labor as the social relations of the total labor form the dual nature of labor.The materialization of specific labor forms the value of the use of commodities,and the materialization of abstract labor forms the value of commodities,that is to say,from the dual nature of labor to the dual nature of commodities is related to each other.In the dualism of commodities and labor,the dualism of human beings,naturalism and sociality present special characteristics with the characteristics of the times under the capitalist mode of production.Under the capitalist mode of production,the nature of human beings as the basic condition for human existence exists as a "special commodity" in objectified labor.And human sociality is a kind of existence state of social relations based on "material dependence" under the capitalist mode of production.Marx used "mechanical monsters","vampires" and "magicians" in "Capital Theory" to describe capitalist society.Under these three metaphors,it also vividly describes people's survival situation in the division of labor in the machine industry and the process of capital appreciation and poverty accumulation.Among them,"mechanical monster" is an image metaphor for the appearance of huge machine large-scale industrial production during the great industrial period of capitalist society.During the great machine industry,people were enslaved by machines,machines served the capital,and were controlled by capital.Therefore,in this form,people are still indirectly controlled by capital.People work in the labor environment of manipulating machines,but they are indirectly controlled by machines and capital;"Vampire" is a kind of image description of "capital" in capitalist society by Marx.The need and desire for capital appreciation is just like the desire of "vampire".In the process of capital appreciation,the capitalist is transformed into the personification of capital.existence,And workers have transformed into the existence of hired labor;The "magician" metaphor is that the bourgeoisie has created a huge production material like magic.However,under the rapid development of its own magic product "capital",the "magician" has been unable to control the results of its magic."Capital" in turn dominates.Capitalist.In the state of continuous capital appreciation and social development,workers and capitalists are alienated to different degrees and categories,and there is a large production of capital appreciation in the state of alienation.Human development is one-sided and deformed in the existence of capitalist society.Capitalist production aims at maximizing surplus value and capital appreciation.This kind of capital logic inevitably leads to the crisis of human development."The natural power of social labor" and "the natural power of human beings" are a potential contained in human organisms or social relations.In capitalist production,on the one hand,the operation of capital has promoted this potential to become a real productive force.On the other hand,It also causes the human potential to lose the development space,resulting in the abnormal development of human physiology and psychology,and eventually leads to the crisis of human development.The accumulation process of capital is the process of constantly sucking "the natural power of social labor" and "the natural power of individual labor",and making this natural power "poverty accumulation" continuously intensify.Moreover,the process of capital accumulation also sucks the natural forces of nature,causing the natural world to fall into the "accumulation of poverty" of the environment,leading to the occurrence of ecological crisis.Marx analyzed the social reality of capitalism in "Capital Theory" and revealed the tragic fate of workers and the dilemma of human existence under the capitalist system.The final revolutionary conclusion: The real way to achieve the liberation of human beings and the full development of human freedom is to completely destroy the capitalist system and build communism.Marx's theory of labor value and surplus value in "Capital" also laid a solid theoretical foundation for us to explore human value.In "Capital",Marx did not stop the discussion and research on human alienation in the "Manuscript",from the analysis of "human alienation" to "commercialization of labor".It is the further development of Marx's alienation of human beings.The logic of human labor alienation is closely related to the logic of capital appreciation.The logic of capital movement is also the logic of labor alienation.The trend of capital movement is also the trend of labor alienation,and it is also the process of devaluation of human value.Marx believes that although capital can break through the boundaries of nature,labor,and technology,but due to the intensification of internal contradictions in capital logic,"capital itself" is a boundary that it can not break through.The final development trend of capital self-denial is the self-disintegration of capital,which is determined by the laws of capital movement logic.In capitalist society,the self-affirmation of capital inevitably leads to the existence of alienated labor,and the self-negation of capital is also the process of overcoming and abandoning alienated labor.This is the final solution between capital and alienated labor.It is also the final result of capital logic and alienated labor logic.Human value is devalued or even lost in the process of human labor alienation.In the process of alienated labor being overcome and abandoned,human value gradually returns.The free and all-round development of human beings and the liberation of human beings are the highest pursuit and final destination of Marxist humanistic thoughts.Marx's outlook on Communist society is the highest expectation for human liberation.In modern society,science and technology and economy are developing rapidly,but more and more challenges are facing mankind.The increase of capital and the rapid development of economy have created a rich material civilization for capitalist society,but the process of capital appreciation has also brought great harm to humans and nature.Under the capitalist mode of production,the negative effects of capital provide a strong warning for the development of the contemporary socialist market economy.While studying and reflecting on the development of capitalist society,under the current socialist market economy system with Chinese characteristics,we should strive to overcome the negative effects brought by capital while facing the positive effects of capital objectively.From a market economy dominated by capital appreciation to a people-centred socialist market economy,we should put people first and take the interests of the people as the highest development goal.