"Land Politics":Political Analysis On Land Issue Of China

The focus of the study on China's land issue in recent decades changes from "land resources" to "land economy",and then to "land system",appearing in a revolutionary trend.We can say that the study on land issue becomes more and more close to the deep structure of land issues.However,the prosperity of research on land issue,in fact,is wholly knowledge-covered.The most concentrated expression is that the theoretical paradigm of economics is used a lot in the research of land issue but covers the multiple attributes of land issue.In particular,research on land issue still concerns little about the political attribute of land,and the political factor in land issue and the land factors in political problems is to some extent be ignored intentionally or unintentionally.Several logically connected theories and practice problems need to cause enough attention.Firstly,in the theory of social history,the relationship between land and politics lacks of common consensus;Secondly,in the tide of comprehensively deepen reform,the reform of land system which lacks of theoretical support,is a test to our political wisdom.Thirdly,the knowledge foundation of land issue has not been thoroughly cleaned;leading the dialogue and debate about land issue lost its meaning.In order to effectively respond the above problems,we write a paper themed of "land politics",which is to analyze China's land issue from the theoretical perspective of political science and to construct a theoretical framework and analytic pattern of "land politics" to rich and explain the research on land issue.In addition to the introduction part,the structure of the paper is divided into five chapters.The first chapter carries on the literature review and introduces the analytic train of thought.From the second chapter,till the fifth one,we discuss the association between land and politics respectively from the structure,operation,transition and reality,in the aspect of theory and practice.Specifics as follows:The first chapter gives a literature review and introduces the analytic train of thought,which is a theoretical basis of the paper.Firstly,it proposes an analytic approach of "land politics" on the basis of reviewing literatures related to "political analysis on land issue".Literature review shows that there have been many studies about political analysis on land issue,but these studies are often fragmented,unconsciously or plane.Putting forward the analytic approach of "land politics" is to make up for these deficiencies.Secondly,it does some premise thinking of proposing the subject by introducing the key concepts of land rights and land power.And it presents the theoretical feasibility by elucidating the power standard of Rechtsvermutung and provides the theoretical resources of "land politics" by elucidating the evolution of land power.Thirdly,it puts forward the analytic framework of"land politics" and the arrangement of the paper.In general,this chapter not only constitutes the theoretical basis of the paper,but also presents the research hypothesis of the whole test.The second chapter mainly analyzes the two-way relationship of land system and political system,in order to confirm the structural association of land and politics.The first is to analyze the logical relations between land system and early states created.Studies have shown that land is a structural factor of the political system in the process of early states created;the early states were just the end-result of formalization of land right level.The second is to look at the causality of traditional nation's land system and the political structure.Starting from the view of comparison between the east and the west,it elucidates the two pairs of relationship,which are relationship between Western European land system and feudal hierarchy politics,and between China's land system and authoritarian politics.Research shows that differences between eastern and western political system in traditional ages are,to varying degrees,from the influence and structure of land system.Thirdly,it introduces the land system changed in the process of the construction of the modern state,which both confirms the historical relationship between land system and the construction of modern state,and reveals the practical consequences of straightly using the modern land system by after developing country such as China.Generally,in the aspect of theory construction,this chapter proves the structural association between land and politics from the three dimensions of early states,traditional and modern countries;In the aspect of practice logic,it combs the logical association between land system and the political system in different period and different forms.At the same time,it naturally presents the historical evolution process of the land system form.The third chapter mainly analyzes the two-way relationship between land power and political governance,in order to provide an operational framework for understanding the association between land and politics.Firstly,it studies the operation of land power under the traditional governance logic.We find that the land power operation in traditional China follows political logic through a long-line historical survey on land system operation.Secondly,it constructs and interprets "the land network of power" in traditional rural governance.Research shows that land,assume the rural field as a boundary,is interconnected to the fact that External power relations and internal political structure embedded in each other.Thirdly,it analyzes the legitimacy of land power control and its alienation logic in traditional ages.Research suggests that in pre-modern society,the dominative structure of the whole society is a kind of hierarchical form of person to person's direct control.Land power control,as an organic composition of the society,will surely obey the dominative logic.Generally,in the aspect of theory construction,this chapter proves the dynamic relationship between land and politics from two dimensions of traditional national governance and rural governance.In the aspect of practice logic,it further reveals that land power which seems legitimate in pre-modern times is doomed to be alienated and expanded on the basis of recognizing the relationship between land power and traditional political governance.The fourth chapter mainly analyzes the two-way relationship between land revolution and political change,in order to provide a transitology perspective of understanding the association between land and politics.Firstly,it first compares the land mechanisms in France revolution and Russian revolution,and then explores the convergence logic that the issue of land rights is embedded in modern social revolution.The second is to investigate how the political mobilization carried out in Chinese revolution centered on land,mainly extending along the dimensions of system mobilization,concept mobilization and organization mobilization.Research shows that land,as a central subject involved in the revolution of modern China,becomes a key node of the political and social changes.Thirdly,it comprehensively analyzes the theoretical error and historical reason of applying collectivization bond to farmers on the land revolution of Russia and China.It illustrates the deviation of agrarian revolution process from political modernization from the view of late "land reform" theory and classical Marxist point of farmers-land.Generally,in the aspect of theory construction,this chapter illustrates the transitology association between land and politics by analyzing the inner relationship between land and modern revolution within different countries and different degree of organization;In the aspect of practice logic,it gives the reflection and analysis on why the "land reform" of Russia and China would deviate from the classical Marxist theory and practice on the basis of systematically teasing the view of classical Marxist point of farmers-land.The fifth chapter mainly analyzes the two-way relationship between land conflict and political order,in order to provide a reality understanding on the association between land and politics.Firstly,in historical comparative perspective,it studies the change of the land conflict in aspects of connotation characteristics,forms of expression and the influencing upon order.Studies have shown that China is now in fact in the hedge of pre-modern political residual and post-modern risk spreading.So the current land conflicts turns out both the characteristics of "rights conflict",and presents the modality of "land risk".Secondly,by expanding several cases of land conflict of typical significance,it analyzes the anomie of public power in current land expropriation conflicts and farmer's power construction in the struggling.Research shows that the peasant power construction is actually a leveraging behavior of seeking support in the legal framework,which appears as having the nature of "power against",but in fact there is no anti-system attributes.And it is often difficult to achieve the result of protecting their interests.Thirdly,under the perspective of risk society,it inspects several Decanonization process of land system such as institutionalization of inequality,spread of uncertainty and organized irresponsibility.Research shows that the centre-edge structure,deliberately vague and organized irresponsiblity in China's current land system makes land problems become the hub of risk.Land risk of global significance is worth our pondering and alert.Generally,in the aspect of theory construction,this chapter illustrates the reality association between land and politics by analyzing land conflict and political relations as "land requisition" being a Chinese reality and the theory of "risk" being a world subject.In the aspect of practice logic,it illuminates the potential order crisis carried by land conflict in pre-modem political tradition and spreading risk of post-modern.This paper has two basic conclusions.From the aspect of theory construction,it confirms the essence connection between the land and politics and exposes the political attribute of land and proves the legitimacy of "land politics" as a concept and theory framework.From the aspect of practice logic,it confirms that "land politics" is a concrete and historical concept relying on social history of space and time in specific form.In the general social history schema,the shape of "land politics" experiences the change from"power standard" to "right standard".However,land politics in nowadays China is in the crisscross pattern of pre-modern and postmodern societies.So that we propose this subject of China's land issue is a political problem.In order to dealing with the potential critical comment,we want to emphasize that the "land politics" is not a substantive concept of essentialism.In the sense of openness,we hope that the "land politics" can become a new paradigm of land issue research.That is to say,"land politics" presents not a fixed connotation but an approach of analysis,which is the ultimate value of proposing the concept and theoretical system of "land politics".