Research On The Legal Trade Union In The Republic Of China(1924-1949)

China always takes agriculture as the foundation,and workers and trade unions are the important background of "Modernity".Influenced by the modern social transformation process,the number of workers is increasing,and the consciousness of rights and interests is increasing day by day.After the collapse of the traditional society at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China,trade unions began to develop universally and inevitably became an important link between the state and society in twentieth Century.In the 1924-1949 years,the legitimate trade union is a major component,and its evolution can be divided into four periods: starting,restructuring,transformation and reconstruction.This development track is closely related to the formation of the urban society,and is inseparable from the changes in the rural society.It is the product of the integration of the internal changes and the acceptance of the world tide in the traditional Chinese society.It is an indispensable dimension of the transformation of the Chinese society,and is also the carrier of the modern interaction of a variety of social groups.From the actual situation,workers join the gang,mainly by seeking asylum mentality.For the development of trade unions,we need spontaneously the guidance of Party governance,and the party governance is also compatible with spontaneity.The two trends show the historical track of exclusion and integration.In the period of the parallel to the ruling and the revolution,although there should be a variety of organizational samples,the vertical and horizontal structure of the trade union has been in shape.The organization form of trade union not only accords with the needs of the political party to the workers and athletes,but also the result of the balance of the industrial structure of the real economy.In accordance with the problems of labor disputes and derivative security,the Kuomintang has formed a mediation mechanism jointly participated by the party department,the government administration department and the industrial and commercial organizations in accordance with the "National Party" position and the trade union regulations.At the same time,the trade union activist group is in the pivotal position of trade union operation,which is more and more important to the trade union organization and operation.With the efforts of the trade unions and activists,the marginal workers' group evolved from the traditional emphasis on human assistance to the organizational aid.The difference from the old style is that the legal trade unions not only work on the mutual benefit of their members,but also take care to carry out activities from the perspective of social public welfare.In this sense,trade unions in the Republic of China play a very rich role in the embryonic period of new social organizations.The Kuomintang,in line with the guidance of the Party branch and the two yuan management mode supervised by the government,builds the grass-roots society.In the Central Committee,the National Training Committee and the Ministry of civil training were used to guide the governance of the national organization.The national government was composed of the Ministry of Commerce and industry and the Ministry of industry and industry.The trade union was managed by the trade union,and the number of trade unions and members in the country was investigated and counted,and the local Party Affairs Steering Committee and the civil Training Association also organized the local trade unions.Nationally,the Kuomintang has changed the situation of trade unions lacking legal basis.Of course,it is also necessary to examine the existence space of legal unions from two aspects: the "legal system" process and the "rule of law" form.Through the quantitative investigation of trade union,we can understand the whole picture of the operation of the trade union.In this process,the trade union form is limited to analyze the stages of its legal role and function,the establishment of the trade union management procedure and the interaction with the trade union change.Through the analysis of trade unions in different periods and the membership,property and quota as the analysis index,and the case of the Staff Union,the general trade union and the factory trade union,we can see that In order to better stabilize the trade union,reform and reform should be carried out.The transformation of the Republic of China means not only the modernization of "man",but also the modernization of "group".Trade union leaders and members in ordinary trade unions have distinct differentiation characteristics.There are two problems in the study: one is the personified return of the trade union participants,and the two is the social living space characterized by "public nature",which reveals the work and problems of the daily organizational life of the workers.As far as the special system is concerned,five state-owned enterprises,railways,seafarers,mines,posters and electric affairs,are permitted to organize special trade unions.The study will reveal the expansion of special trade union structure network and the orientation of trade union memberships.Through the comparison between special trade unions and ordinary trade unions,a conclusion is reached to support and enhance.In addition,taking the railway grass-roots firm as a case,it analyzes its organizational form and personnel composition,and tests the validity of the special trade union operation mechanism.Trade unions have formed a unique operation mechanism in labor disputes.Through the interpretation mode of general rule and case type,this paper expounds the situation and activities of trade unions in labor disputes.This analysis can provide a final proof for the final conclusion.In accordance with the principle of labor and capital coordination,the Kuomintang hopes to achieve coordination between the labor and the capital,not on any side,specifically for the limited strike and factory inspection.The labor mediation and arbitration system was initially built,but it has been marginalized in the actual operation.This assumption will provide a further perspective for the study of labor relations.Under this,legal trade unions seek a variety of "means of struggle" to establish political mutual trust and sufficient legal space,such as the association of "skimming" and "illegal",and seeking members to maintain contact with social assistance,groups,system participation,party and government petitions,and so on.After the outbreak of the war of resistance against Japan,the Kuomintang implemented a compulsory trade union system in order to establish a sound trade union system.The upper level activities of the supervisors and the members' mentality are increasingly divorced from the unity of the outside world.Even under the specific situation of the war of resistance,the Union and the group sense and activity are different,the Union and the "industrial cooperation" are not smooth.Because of the different cognition and Reflection on the reality,the trade union participants are divided into the compulsory school and the education school.The result is that the compulsory school and the central intention have promoted the trade union development into the historical misunderstanding.From the perspective of interaction,the central social department has been changed to the Executive Yuan,and the local Party branch has changed the form of Party and League to give guidance to trade unions.The interaction between the state and the workers in the crisis environment is reflected in the conduct of the training and the adjustment of the state's technology.These investigations tend to prove that the trade union development still deviates from the will of the state during the war of resistance against Japan.At the grass-roots level,the "converse" of trade union organizations is becoming more and more obvious,in order to gain private interest,abuse the trade union's professional control,form a disguised apportionment,trade union power under the dispute of fame and wealth,the local general trade union,the right to sell the private and the right to gain the benefits,and is completely out of the law.Trade unions can not be reduced to the tools of enforcement and the right to fight.Workers' autonomy and resistance to choice exist and continue in an unperceived way.After the war,the number and membership of the trade union reached a new height,while the Kuomintang and the workers were estranged.Because of the need for internal integration and external liaison,the national government began to rebuild the National Federation of trade unions.At the same time,vigorously promoting the formation of local trade unions,on the one hand,limited to the pre war management system,on the other hand,due to the legacy of the wartime system,impel the trade union to be in a "confused" deformed space.Although the trade union is a participant in the national governance in name,it is the legal representative of the workers and its democracy.The foundation is insufficient and the development is limited.From the inspection point of view,not every worker has the ability and willingness to participate in trade union activities,which leads to the imbalance in the daily participation of trade unions.The trade unions of the local Party branches are more pragmatic and the advanced democracy built on this basis is hard to come true.From the point of view of the relationship between the state and the society,the legal trade union finally presents the development process of the combination of traditional and modern,which is an important epitome of the social change of China in the twentieth Century.During the period of the Republic of China,the legal trade union,as the "legal person" authorized by the government,took on the role of advocating and maintaining the legitimate rights and interests of the workers,as well as the government's labor administration.The Kuomintang trained the people's functions,not only to relieve the unemployment,to mediate the workers' disputes,but also to undertake the workers' education,and to guide the workers' cultural and recreational life.All kinds of workers' welfare facilities have been built under the circumstances of funding permit.From a broader perspective,as a modern association of specialized workers,the trade unions of the Republic of China also began to expand to the public domain.They not only participated in the practitioners' access,maintained the industry order,but also advocated modern consciousness,participated in public affairs and enjoyed social public welfare,and had an irreplaceable positive role.Even so,labor demands are restricted by policy demand,economic fluctuation,employer strategy,guarantee mechanism and workers' differentiation.The trade unions of the Republic of China showed prominent weak organizational phenomenon because of the inevitable geopolitical,psychological and traditional characteristics of the main body of the modern workers group.Unlike previous studies,the role of legitimate trade unions in the development process is limited to the strategy of the Kuomintang and has become a prerequisite for the formation of the working class.The development track of legitimate trade unions in the Republic of China confirmed the diversity and complexity of the formation and development of the working class.It plays an irreplaceable role in shaping modern and post historical appearance.