| Gan-Ning-Qing Region is located in the north-west part of China and an important region where multi-nationalities have lived in the compact communities since ancient times.The national relations in Gan-Ning-Qing district does not only impact stability of politics and the development of ecnomics,but also affect stability and peace of all country.With the change of political form in home and abroad,the relations in Gan-Ning-Qing district would become more complex from the beginning of modern times.The development of national relations in Gan-Ning-Qing district is divided into three historical periods,including late Qing,Beiyang government and national government according to time clude and previous research achievements.The main effects of national policies and measures made by military and political force from both central and local authorities on regional ethnic and national relations for different times and the connections between economic and culture among different nationalities in Gan-Ning-Qing district are systematic arrangement.According to statement,the trend and characteristics of the development of national relations in modern Gan-Ning-Qing district are represented and experience and lesson obtainning from national relations are summarized which can offer some valuable information to deal with national relaitons now.Ethnic and national relations in Gan-Ning-Qing district under the rule of late Qinggovernment are mainly discussed in the first chaper.Firstly,natural geographical environment and each ethnic distribution in Gan-Qing-Ning district are briefly introduced,which shows Gan-Qing-Ning district in history is a region where multi-ethnic have lived in the compact communities and each nationality gradually form a close relationship during long historical communication.After Qing dynasty was esatablished,as a result of each national policy which were made by ruling class according to government by custom and local conditions in previous period,some events made national relations become nerverse,but basically people were effectively ruled.With the invasion of western powers forces,Qing government was so corrupt that passive effects of national policies were more and more obvious.Two Muslim uprisings in Gan-Ning-Qing district in mid-late 19th century were fierce resistance to class exploitation,ethnic discrimination and religious oppression.During the upring and after surpression,ruler of Qing dynasty made misunderstanding and contradiction between Hui,Salar nationalities and Han,Zang and Tu nationalities in this region further by the policies,to rely on minorities is to overwhelm minorities and compulsury migration of minority.By uprising,the distribution of Hui nationality had been almost certain and Ma-shi Hui nationality warlords which made an important effect on national relations in modern Gan-Ning-Qing district started to rise.Besides,people in Gan-Ning-Qing also carried out all kinds of struggles against colonial aggression.Chinese nation conciousness and national identity conciousness in each antionality gradually changed to self-awaken while western colonial power was hit hard.Ruling class in Qing dynaty carried out reform movements again and again aimed at becoming strong by reforming laws to protect Qing.dynasty,especially new policy at the end of Qing dynasty which made politics,military,economics and education in this region begin to enter a modern times.Finally,economical communication,cultural connection and ethnic fusion in the late Qing dynasty among the people in Gan-Ning-Qing and with people in inland as well as that in border areas are also discussed in detail.The obvious change of national relations in Gan-Ning-Qing district during the period of 1911 Revolution and Beiyang government ruling will-be discussed in chapter two.During the period of 1911 Revolution,people in Gan-Ning-Qing district were united as one to fight against feudal rule of Qing dynasty and Han and Hui upper powers performed their face-changing show will be mainly discussed.The reasons of the change of thought from struggle against Man nationality to republicanism of five nationalities among rebellious people and that of the rising power of Ma-shi Hui nationality warlords are all expouned in detail.In the period of ruling by Beiyang government,ethnic policy made by central government and controdiction and fight between all kinds of local military and government powers have an important effect on national relations in Gan-Ning-Qing district,this paragraph mainly discusses form the above aspects and focuses on analysizing ethnic policies from politics,economics,religious and culture and other aspects made by Beiyang government and their results,the complex relationship,either combination or resistance,between all kinds of military and political forces on behalf of central government,and local Han and Hui warlords forces as well as backward restoration forces are also carefully analyzed,pointing out Hui-Han relations and Hui-Zang relations with the upper power of Hui nationality at the core formed two main lines in the complexity network of ethnic relations as result of the rising and development of warlords force of Hui nationality during this period.Development and change of national relations in Gan-Ning-Qing district during the period of national government are mainly analyzed in chaper three.This period is divided into three parts,including before the war,full-scale anti-japanese war and war of liberation.For the whole speaking,the military and political force are more complextion in the Gan-Ning-Qing district for this period,Feng yuxiang militiaman,Chiang kai-shek,the central government,Ma-shi Hui nationality warlords,the Communist Party and mulitary and Japanese invasion force all extended their forces in this.region,each kind of military and political forces controlled the change and development of national relations together between combination and struggle.Hui nationality with the surname of Ma gradually became the core force controlling the development of national relations by coordinating.the relationships with each kind of military and political forces.Military and political forces in central and local made all different kinds of national policies and measures to fullfill theirselves political,military and economical benefits in every period,which resulted in many great political and military events and had great effects on ethnic and national relations in Gan-Ning-Qing.Finally,The Communist Party and their military won the war of liberation by fighting against other kinds of powers and uniting people in Gan-Ning-Qing.In conclusion,economical exchanges on the aspects of agriculture,industrial and commercial among the people in Gan-Ning-Qing and cultural communications among all nationalities resulting from economic exchange and modern education development are briefly discussed and analyzed.The last part of the paper is conclusion,summarizing the main characteristics and development trend of national relations in Gan-Ning-Qing district in modern times mainly by researching on national relations in Gan-Ning-Qing district in each historical periods and offering valuable experience and lesson to deal with regional national relations today. |
PDF Full Text Request