| Georgy Valentinovich Plekhanov(1856-1918)is a famous Russian Marxist theorist and leader of the proletarian movement in the late 19 th century.Beginning in 1876,he publicly opposed the tsarist feudal system,sought a way out of Russian society,joined the populists,and embarked on a revolutionary path.He mobilized the peasants to revolutionize,thinking that the rural communes could directly develop into socialism,and establish a communist society without oppression.After being exiled in Europe in 1880,he systematically studied Marxism,devoted himself to studying the revolutionary ideas of the proletariat,deeply inspecting the European proletarian movement,and gradually became a firm proletarian revolutionary.He translated a large number of Marxist classics,published numerous theoretical articles,organized the early working-class movement,and became the first person in Russia to use Marxism as a theoretical weapon to criticize the wrong ideas of populism.He actively participated in the Second International Conference in Western Europe,and had frequent contacts with the leaders of the Worker's Party of various countries in Europe,founded the militant journal ?????(“Spark”)and Dawn magazine.He published articles to encourage the working class to accept Marxism,trained correspondents everywhere to strengthen contact with the working masses,unified the ideological understanding and revolutionary actions of the revolutionary groups everywhere,promoted the integration of Marxism and the Russian workers' movement,and promoted the establishment of the Russian proletarian political party.In this process,his proletarian political party construction thought gradually formed.Plekhanov's life is not only complicated,but also volatile,making it difficult to conclude the evaluation.He has rich theoretical achievements,a wide range of research ideas,and the academic community has carried out many aspects of research.His proletarian party construction thought is an important part of his ideological theory,which enriches the Marxist theory of party construction and promotes the development of theRussian workers' movement,but there are also complexities and contradictions,namely a relatively weak link in academic research.Inheriting the research results of the predecessors,this thesis systematically analysis all the complexities and contradictions in order to deepen the research in this field.This thesis uses Plekhanov's articles during his more than 40 years of political life as the basis for his research,combines with the formation of the Russian proletarian party,interprets Plekhanov's works on the basis of a large amount of historical data,systematically study Plekhanov's thoughts on proletarian party construction.In order to grasp the essence of his thoughts,the whole material of Plekhanov's ideological,political,organizational,and style construction of the proletarian party was further explored,which consists of the main content of Plekhanov's thoughts on proletarian party construction,in order to uncover its value for our proletarian party construction on the basis of an objective evaluation of Plekhanov's proletarian party construction thoughts.The basic framework of the entire thesis is centered on 1,literature review;2,thought critique;3,content construction;4,practical demonstration;5,rational evaluation;6,realistic inspiration.The basic content of the thesis mainly includes the following 5 chapters:Chapter ? mainly studies the formation of Plekhanov's proletarian party construction thought,including the social and historical background,subjective conditions,and stages of formation.In the 1870 s and 1880 s,the proletarian movement flourished in Europe,Marxism was widely spread,and independent proletarian political parties were established in many countries.During this period,the Russian working class and enlightened intellectuals actively launched revolutionary struggles and sought to find a revolutionary path.It was necessary to establish a proletarian political party to guide the revolution.Plekhanov was persecuted by the tsarist authorities in Western Europe while engaged in populist revolutionary activities.He began to systematically study and accept Marxism,learn the experience of the Western proletarian movement and the construction of advanced proletarian parties,and initiallyformed the proletarian party construction thought.The formation of his proletarian political party construction thought mainly went through three stages: during the populist period,he was good at observing the workers' revolution,actively mobilizing the proletarian movement,and realized the revolutionary role of the working class.After Western Europe,he became a tough-minded Marxist,leading the labor liberation society to propagate Marxism to the Russian working class,formulating the labor liberation society program,and the proletarian party construction thought was initially shown.In 1903,he actively prepared for the Second Congress of the Social Democratic Labour Party,formulated the first Marxist party platform and party constitution in Russia,unified the party's ideology understanding,established a unified organizational structure,and basically established the proletarian party construction thought.However,at the congress,the specific contents of the party constitution and the party platform between the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks became more and more divergent,and Plekhanov's ideas began to change again,experiencing the Menshevik position,the cooperative position against cancellationism and Machism,and the social chauvinist position,regrettably moved toward the opportunist position in his later years.Chapter ? mainly studies the content of Plekhanov's proletarian party construction thoughts before 1903,including the four major aspects of ideological construction,political construction,organizational construction and style construction.In terms of ideological construction,he attached great importance to the working class' study of Marxist theory,in order to realize “revolutionary algebra”,clarifying that Marxism is a scientific system theory and the guiding ideology of the proletarian revolution.He focused on strengthening the ideological education and political agitation of the working class,improving the ideological awareness of the working class and the popular masses,encouraging people to agree with Marxism,joining the ranks of the Russian proletariat,and jointly overthrowing the Tsarist feudal autocracy.He opposes the use of terrorist activities to carry out revolutionary struggles,and argues that the purpose of enlightening the working class can only be achieved throughdemonstrations,theoretical studies,and ideological agitation.Plekhanov believes that education has a class nature.In the course of theoretical study and political education,we must have a firm class stand,oppose opportunist views such as populism,resist the impact of religious thought,and learn to “use spiritual weapons to stop religious comrades”;In terms of the party's political construction,Plekhanov advocates insisting on the party's proletarian nature,clarifying the party's class nature,advanced nature,and independence;clarifying the party's constituent elements and ensuring that “the proletarian class is a revolutionary class”,namely the leader and main force of the Russian revolution;he is firm in the party 's political struggle,and the proletariat must strive for political dominance,highlighting that obtaining political freedom is the first political goal pursued by the Russian working class,which is also the proletarian party's most basic requirements for political construction;he advocates implementing the party's struggle tasks and combining the party's current tasks with the ultimate goal.In the 1880 s,the most urgent task of the Russian proletariat was to establish an independent proletarian political party as soon as possible,and the ultimate goal of the class revolution is to eliminate all exploitation systems and establish a communist society.In terms of organizational construction,Plekhanov emphasized that the party's programme is the banner of revolution proletariat,embodies the party's goals,and the proletariat must effectively implement.He advocated maintaining the organizational nature of the proletarian party,embodying the scientific nature guided by Marxism,strengthening the strictness of organizational discipline,promoting the unity of the party organization,realizing the common interests of the proletariat,emphasizing the people's nature of the party organization,focusing on the important role of historical figures and people in the development of history,criticizing the non-Marxist view of the people.Plekhanov adheres to the organizational principles of the proletarian party and strives to achieve political freedom,inner-party democracy,and equality of rights.He advocated implementing the organizational strategy of the proletarian party,and ultimately “all strategies are conducive to achieving the great victory of the revolution”.Inrevolutionary activities,the proletarian party should adhere to the unity of principle and flexibility,and adhere to the revolutionary strategy of both union and struggle.In terms of work style construction,Plekhanov advocates focusing on analyzing the actual revolutionary situation of the Russian Revolution,insisting on theoretical research to guide the actual work style of the revolution,and emphasizing that the purpose of strengthening theoretical learning and ideological education is to achieve the ultimate victory of the proletarian revolution;adhering to the work style of the party's close relationship with the people,criticizing the style of non-Marxist school.His proletarian party construction thought was guided by Marxism,and his early Marxist works became the primary reading for young Russian proletarians.Chapter ? mainly studies the transformation of Plekhanov's proletarian party construction thoughts after 1903,which is mainly manifested in the aspects of organizational construction,political construction,ideological construction and proletarian revolution.With the convening of the Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1903,representatives of various parties fell into controversy around the specific content of the party constitution and programme,especially the growing differences between the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks.Plekhanov's thought subsequently changed repeatedly,experiencing the Menshevik stance from 1903 to 1908,the cooperative stance against cancellation and Machism from 1908 to 1914,and social chauvinism from 1914 to 1918.Especially affected by the impact of the international environment and the revolutionary experience of Western Europe,he has made major changes in the ideological,political,organizational,and revolutionary strategies of proletarian parties.The main manifestations are as follows: First,Plekhanov changed his attitude towards the construction of the proletarian party organization,showed unprincipled concessions to the party constitution and programme formulated by the Second Party Congress,and considered that the concessions of various parties were a flexible strategy in terms of organizational strategies.There is a deviation in understanding of political freedom and democratic centralism in terms of organizational principles.There is personalselfishness in the adjustment of organizational members,favoring the revolutionary comrades in Mensheviks.Secondly,Plekhanov changed his attitude towards the political construction of the proletarian party.He overemphasized that certain conditions must be met to achieve the dictatorship of the proletariat.He was biased about the relationship between political struggle and economic struggle,and lacked a correct understanding of the political attitudes of various classes in Russian society,adhered to trade union neutrality and negated the leadership of the proletarian party over trade unions.Thirdly,Plekhanov changed his attitude towards the ideological construction of the proletarian party.He believed that the most important revolutionary task of the proletariat at present is to raise the political consciousness of the working class.The methods of political consultation and parliamentary struggle can also improve the ideological and political consciousness of the proletariat and do not rush into an armed revolution.In the field of ideology,Plekhanov cooperated with Lenin-led Bolsheviks to fight against the abolitionists and Machism and defend the leadership of Marxism.Finally,he changed his attitude towards the proletarian revolution and regarded violent revolution as one of the means of the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat.He believed that Russia did not have the subjective and objective conditions to launch a violent revolution in the early 20 th century.The purpose of the struggle can be to improve the political consciousness of the working class and do not start the revolution blindly.He believed that the 1905 revolution was a bourgeois democratic revolution,and the bourgeoisie naturally led the revolution.The proletariat should assist the bourgeoisie in overthrowing the feudal autocracy,propose a revolutionary strategy of “going separate and fight together”,and give the revolutionary leadership to the bourgeoisie,exaggerating the revolutionary role of the bourgeoisie.Plekhanov believes that while Russia is facing the pressure of the First World War,the proletariat should not venture to launch a domestic war.It should support the bourgeois interim government to achieve victory in the First World War and concentrate on developing capitalism.Russia currently does not have the power to launch a proletarian revolution.Thereason why Plekhanov's thought on the construction of the proletarian party changed in the later period was closely related to the intricacies of the revolutionary situation in Russia,closely linked to the factional struggles within the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party,and to the European revolutionary situation and the leadership of the Western European Workers Party.Chapter ? focuses on a comparative study of the proletarian party construction thought of Plekhanov and that of Lenin.In 1895,the first meeting between them in Zurich unsealed a complicated process of revolutionary cooperation,propagating Marxism in the ideological field,attacking non-Marxism,supporting the development of the workers' movement in the political field,and using the ????? as the platform in the organizational field to train the party's leading reserve forces and jointly drafting the program and party constitution.However,after the Second Congress of the Party in 1903,Plekhanov and Lenin had fierce debates on issues such as proletarian party construction and proletarian revolution: First,they two argued about the revolutionary goals of the proletariat.Lenin advocated seizing the opportunity of the revolution and united all forces in armed struggle,while Plekhanov advocated that the ideological and political awareness of the proletariat be raised first,and the timing of the current socialist revolution immature.Second,they two argued around the organizational principles of the proletarian party.Lenin advocated that party members must join the party in terms of organization and ideology,and insist on democratic centralism.Plekhanov advocated that the conditions for party members can be relaxed,and he refuses to concentrate.Third,they two argued over the revolutionary strategy of the proletarian party.Lenin advocated the leadership of the proletariat in the democratic revolution and implemented the worker-peasant alliance.Plekhanov believed that the 1905 revolution belonged to the bourgeois democratic revolution and should be led by the bourgeoisie.Farmers are backward in thinking and do not advocate the establishment of a workers-peasants alliance.Forth,they two argued around World War I.Lenin believed thatWorld War I was a war of aggression between imperialist countries.The proletariat should seize the opportunity to unite the world's proletarian forces to overthrow the bourgeois rule and establish a dictatorship of the proletariat.Plekhanov believed that Russia was the defensive side in World War I.The proletariat should assist the bourgeois interim government to achieve victory in World War I,and then focus on developing the capitalist economy and implementing the parliamentary system.Finally,they two argued around the socialist revolution of 1917.Lenin saw the rapid growth of the proletariat in the revolution,and advocated that the revolution should be seized to launch the revolution,and the socialist revolution was imminent.Plekhanov believes that Russia does not have the conditions for a socialist revolution and that the proletariat has a low political awareness.He advocates the establishment of a coalition government with the bourgeoisie and a constitutional conference.The reason why they two had disputes was different from their level of research on Marxism in the early 20 th century and the degree of integration with Russia's reality.They were not sure about the Russian revolutionary situation and the situation within the party,and they were different from their revolutionary experience and personality.Their dispute had a profound impact on the Russian proletarian party and the socialist revolution,leading them to take different paths in their political careers.Chapter ? makes an overall evaluation of Plekhanov's proletarian party construction thoughts.Plekhanov's proletarian party construction thoughts is rich in ideological content,and the process of ideological development is more complicated.It has an important influence on the Russian proletarian revolution and the international communist movement.On the one hand,Plekhanov's proletarian party construction thought has a positive effect.From the perspective of ideological content,it has enriched the Marxist theory of party construction,and has conducted a detailed study of the ideological construction,political construction,organizational construction,and style construction of Russian proletarian parties;In-depth analysis of Russian history and the history of Western European revolution,organicallycombining the basic principles of Marxism with specific historical research,and conducting targeted debates with populism,Bernstein revisionism,economics,Machism,etc.,defending Marxism's status of ideological guidance to promote the establishment of the Russian proletariat party;from the perspective of the international influence of ideology,Plekhanov has been engaged in theoretical research and revolutionary activities in Western Europe,and his ideas have effectively promoted the in-depth development of the international communist movement.The first international organization to criticize Bernstein revisionism has a certain effect on the proletarian ideological enlightenment in Europe and the United States and other countries,and it has a certain influence on the construction of the early proletarian political parties in China.On the other hand,his thought also has certain historical limitations.Plekhanov's proletarian party construction thought is not systematically perfect in its research content,its expression not clear and easy to understand,and the fusion of theory and practice not strict enough and accurate,and his thought changed in the later period brings profound impact to the Russian revolution and the development of the proletarian party.The lessons behind Plekhanov's transformation from a Marxist to an opportunist deserve deep reflection.In the process of constructing a proletarian political party,we must insist on learning and applying Marxism in ideological construction,adhere to the leadership of the party in political construction,properly handle the relationship between the party and the masses in organizational construction,and strengthen individuals in the construction of style self-cultivation and the ability of integrating theory with practice.And more importantly,fully implement and strengthen the party's ideological,political,organizational and style construction,and achieve the long-term development of the proletarian political party. |
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