| With the dramatic changes in the demographic structure,labor participation rate of the elderly has become a theoretical proposition that the aging society can't bypass.On the one hand,the old-age dependency ratio of the whole society has risen rapidly,and the financial pressure on the social security facing the country is increasing.The requirements for policy of delaying retirement age are becoming more and more urgent;On the other hand,according to the International Labor Organization(ILO),the introduction of active aging makes the elderly increasingly regarded as a potential contributor to economic development."Elderly laborers" who still have the ability to improve themselves and their social status through employment should be included in all aspects of employment policy.Young and old laborers are both disadvantaged groups in the labor market.Young laborers are also the main bearers of structural unemployment pressure.At present,China's demographic dividend has gradually subsided and the labor market has accelerated from a dual structure to a neoclassical.Since 2012,China's population policy and human resources policy have undergone important changes:First,the delayed retirement policy is likely to be implemented in 2022,which will directly extend the working years of the elderly labor force."Two-child policy" will reduce the labor participation rate of women of childbearing age in the short term and more young people will enter the labor market in the long run.In such a policy context,the increase in labor participation in the elderly labor force is likely to squeeze out employment opportunities for young people further exacerbate youth unemployment and underemployment.The employment of young laborers has always been the top priority of public policy issues.Therefore,clarifying the intergenerational effects of labor employment and the mechanisms is the basis for understanding the new normal of employment conflicts between groups in the context of aging and weakening the negative effects of delayed retirement policies.In view of the important research value of the intergenerational impact of labor employment in the aging society,this study explores the labor force and young from three perspectives that are classification and stratification of employment.the subjective willingness of employment and the main factors affecting employment.Based on the re-combination of the research frameworks,this paper discusses in depth the labor market mechanism and intergenerational transfer mechanism of the intergenerational impact of labor employment.In addition,the impact of the employment of the elderly labor force on the wage level of the young labor force was further examined.This paper ultimately explores the direction of public policy to promote inclusive employment of young and older workers in an ageing context,among which the main contents of each part are arranged as follows:The introductory part of the first chapter summarizes the global and China's population aging situation through macro data,which based on the international academic research focusing on the economics of population aging.The transformation leads to the issues to be discussed in this study.Further,from the perspective of the current supply and demand relationship of labor force and the employment situation of the elderly labor force,we analyze the necessity of exploring the intergenerational impact of labor employment in the context of aging.The paper briefly introduces the research ideas and research prospects.In the second chapter,we have comprehensively combed and summarized the research on related issues at home and abroad,we proposed three basic research hypotheses of the intergenerational influence relationship of labor employment based on the extended generation overlapping model.In the review of the literature,firstly,from the three aspects of labor supply willingness,labor supply route and employment,the research on the labor supply of the elderly labor force in the aging background is reviewed.Secondly,the factors affect the employment of young labor force.The research carried out the classification and generalization of macro and micro factors.Thirdly,according to the different research conclusions literature on the intergenerational impact of labor employment from the macro level was sorted out and the reasons for the large differences in research conclusions were analyzed.Finally,we find that the role of micro-family subjects is becoming more and more important in the related research of aging.There are few comparative studies on the employment characteristics of the elderly and young laborers in China;there is a lack of systematic analysis of the intergenerational impact mechanism of labor employment.Based on the systematic analysis of the main research fields of the application of generational overlap model,we introduce the intergenerational transfer factor into the generational overlap model,and further propose three basic researches to explore the various effects of the intergenerational impact of labor employment.The third chapter compares the employment characteristics of the two groups of labor groups.Firstly,the domestic and international standards for the classification of young and old laborers are reviewed including the OECD database and domestic and foreign research on the employment of different age groups.Secondly,the comparative analysis of labor participation in men and women in the life cycle The change from the classification and stratification characteristics of employment and the subjective preference of employment selection examine the homogeneity and heterogeneity between young and old labor.Finally,at three levels,factors affecting the employment and labor income levels of young and older laborers are examined.The fourth chapter analyzes the labor market mechanism of the intergenerational impact of labor employment.Using the OECD's time series data and the latest cross-sectional data to provide an intuitive statistical analysis of the relationship between the employment of older and younger laborers,we found that the relationship between employment of older laborers and employment of young laborers may be two-way.Then,from two directions of competition mechanism and promotion mechanism the paper analyzes the possible path of employment of the young labor force on the employment of young laborers.The competition mechanism includes post occupancy effect and employment delay effect.Further,using industry and regional data,an empirical study was conducted on five mechanisms of competition and promotion.The fifth chapter analyzes the intergenerational mobility mechanism of the intergenerational impact of labor employment.In this chapter,we systematically expound the intergenerational financial flows of the family and the intergenerational non-financial flow mechanism of the family from the perspective of economic theory.Using micro-family data to empirically test the intergenerational mobility mechanism of parents' employment affect their children's employment.It is found that the employment of parents will help children to enter the labor market,indicating that the intergenerational promotion of labor employment in the family is greater than the crowding out effect.In addition,since parental employment may not only affect the participation decision-making of children's employment,but also affect the quality of participation in children's employment,we further examine the influence of parental employment on the child's wage level through the family intergenerational mobility mechanism.The sixth chapter summarizes the main conclusions of this study.Based on this,we explore the feasible public policy direction to promote two types of labor inclusive employment.We re-examine the intergenerational impact of labor employment and focus on the impact of the employment of older labor on the employment of young labor.The main conclusions consist of five aspects which are summarized as follows:First,The complementarity of young and older labor is greater than alternative in terms of employment characteristics.Judging from the classification and stratification characteristics of employment,the human capital homogeneity of the two is not high while the complementarity is strong.It is mainly reflected in the significant differences in the education level among different generations.In the industry occupation management activities also show certain differences in generations from the subjective preference characteristics of employment choices.The subjective preference of older workers for employment is "guarantee and stability".The preference type of young labor is "change and challenge".Second,the main factors affecting the employment of the two groups are also relatively low.After examining the characteristics of families and regions,the study found that there are significant differences between young and old laborers in terms of the main factors affecting employment,such as impact of human capital endowment on employment and the employment of young laborers.The educational level has a greater impact while the older labor force is more affected by its physical health.The level of education affects the employment of older workers is less than the young labor force,but the wage level of the older workers impact is greater than the young labor force.In addition.the same variable has different effects on the employment of the two types of labor groups,such as the employment probability of young laborers in non-agricultural ares is greater.The employment probability of older laborers is smaller.The probability of employment in the labor force is greater and the influence that the elderly are employed or married is not significant.Third,the impact of the employment of the elderly labor on the employment of young labor is two-way.At the industry level,the job-occupying effect of the increase in the employment rate of the elderly labor force on the employment of young laborers in the short term is still real.If the employment rate of the elderly labor force is increased,the job occupation effect of the young labor force will be generated in the short term.At the regional level,the employment of the elderly labor force directly increases the density of the working-age population.The theory can reduce the labor search cost of enterprises and increase the willingness of enterprises to supply jobs,thus promoting the employment of young laborers.In view of the above conclusions,the increase in employment of the elderly labor force will affect the employment of young laborers in some industries and positions but this negative effect is limited.Fourth,from the perspective of family intergenerational employment decision-making,the employment of the father is beneficial to the employment of the offspring.This effect is mainly achieved in two ways:If the parents work,the higher income is used to purchase goods or specialized services directly used for intergenerational care or give parents more time for intergenerational care.The burden of child care especially for women will be reduced and the possibility of employment will increase.Staying in the workplace will help personal development.Parents can use their own economic and social resources to serve their children.On the one hand,it affects children's active job hunting and diversified employment.Moreover,parental employment not only affects the participation decision-making of children's employment,but also has a certain positive effect on the wage level of their children.There is no evidence that parents' employment will have a negative impact on their children's wage levels.Fifth,the family intergenerational mobility mechanism can provide an important explanation for the relationship between the employment of older and younger laborers.Regardless of participation in decision-making or quality of participation,the impact of family financial mobility mechanism on youth employment is very significant:the financial assistance provided by parents to their children will have a negative signal to the employment of their children.The employment motivation of children is due to the economy.The pressure is reduced and weakened while the wages of children receiving financial help from parents are lower.The probability of employment for young people who provide material support to their parents is higher.The important reason is that the pressure of pensions generates income for their employment.With the increase of social competition and the awareness of human capital investment,the family's investment in children's education is huge.So the more the number of underage children,the higher the probability of employment for young couples.In terms of family intergenerational non-financial mobility,parents'care for their children promotes the employment of their children.However,due to their heavier family care responsibilities,the wage level is not high while the care of parents is not the main consideration when making employment decisions.It will have a negative effect on their wage levels.The personal development of parents,such as economic and social status and professional values,affects the employment of children more as a "threshold effect" increasing the employment probability of their children but their wage levels impact is minimal.The contributions of this research are mainly reflected in:(1)When exploring the labor market mechanism of the intergenerational impact of labor employment,we try to analyze whether the employment of the elderly labor force will cause the employment delay of the young labor force from the perspective of the supply side response mechanism enriching the latest relevant literature.(2)Through the analysis of the special mechanism of family intergenerational transfer,the intergenerational financial transfer is included in the main research framework and the possibility of personal development path in the intergenerational impact mechanism of employment is analyzed and the connotation of non-financial transfer is expanded.New empirical evidence is provided for the study of the intergenerational impact of labor employment.(3)The study reveals the impact of the increase in employment of the elderly labor force on the employment and wage levels of young laborers and its mechanism of action,it provides a new theoretical explanation for the employment effects of harmonious employment and delayed retirement policies of different groups in an aging society. |
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