Moral Education Methods Of American Higher Education

As a widespread theory and practice of education,moral education plays an indispensable role in the system of education.In pluralist culture under the background of how to make a batch of American colleges and universities to adapt to the technology development,market freedom,political democracy of high-quality talent,thanks to a set of effective methods of moral education in universities.Adhere to the marxist historical materialism is presented in this paper,under the guidance of the integrated use of literature search,interview survey,history,induction,case analysis and interdisciplinary research methods,methods of the historical process of moral education in colleges and universities to the United States,theory background,the main method and method of concrete practice,the full discussion,makes every effort in the real reduction,on the basis of history and status quo,adhere to the unified history and logic,the principle of the combination of theory and practice research,rooted in the American unique culture,political system and national characteristics,analyzes its rationality and limitations,and the innovation and development trend of reasoning,in order to provide reasonable reference for the development of the methods of moral education in colleges and universities.The theory and practice of moral education in the 240 years since the founding of the United States has gone through the process of questioning and questioning,and finally formed a pluralistic and open system.In the early days after foundation of American colleges and universities moral education methods inherited colonial 9 sectarian religious moral methods of the college,but national independence and internal division of religious sects,method monotonous religion seriously hindered the ruling class advocate,patriotism,moral value orientation,moral education method of secular and religious reform moral education method of the adjustment of the limits of exist side by side in the conflict,to reconcile.Until the 19th century,with the cognition of person's intelligence,the development of science,as well as the emergence of practical philosophy,moral education method towards the direction of rationalization,secular and religious doctrine of debate evolved into the battle between imparting knowledge and the church,the academic method based on knowledge value,centering on the research of the moral education method and empirical method based on the practical philosophy constitutes the method framework of scientific rational moral education in colleges and universities in the United States.This rational method system basically meets the needs of American elite higher education.After world war ii American higher education massification,popularize rapidly,more college students pursue for the purpose of life education,moral education in colleges and universities method in the field of direct method gradually weaken,the effect of moral education in universities is reduced,and the student movement,until the 70 s,the higher education field to begin the moral reflection,in an attempt to restore and rebuild method of moral education in colleges and universities.Since the 1990 s,higher education characteristic,internationalization,marketization and the development of network,such as information technology,any kind of dominant theory or practice of moral education methods are difficult to meet this need,multiple open method of moral education in colleges and universities system gradually formed and continuously updated,presents a efficient method of moral education in universities.In this course of historical development,liberalism,pragmatism and humanism have laid the ideological foundation for American college moral education.As an ideological guidance,liberalism,from freedom of religion to freedom of thought and academic freedom,supports the reform of moral education in every historical period.Humanism from man s existence,the relations between people's moral development and education,reflect human subjectivity in the ethical and moral education,provides the methods of moral education in universities to construct the theory basis of;And pragmatism,as the philosophy thought of American characteristics,emphasizes the position of empiricism,the principle of naturalism,the value of instrumentalism,and establishes the practical value orientation of moral education.On the basis of these three theories,the field of moral education in American colleges and universities has formed various types of theory of moral education.Typically is a comprehensive method of moral education theory,humanistic theory and moral education method,method of moral education theory schools,these schools have sprung up in internal and different typical theory of factions,represents a different period or at the same time to develop the characteristics of the theory of the moral education method.If the theory of progressive moral education connects moral education with community,affairs,service and activity,it expands the coverage of moral education method and solves the conflict between morality and reality.The theory of cognitive development moral education emphasizes "moral dilemma","justice group" and other moral education methods,and confirms the influence of human thought development on moral development.The theory of value clarification is devoted to the process of "evaluation" and "value clarification",and to clarify individual moral values through the design of education activity strategy and specific operation mode.This is the standpoint of the three methods of moral education based on the comprehensive moral education,which is the continuous enrichment and development of Dewey's pragmatic theory of moral education.Existentialism actively advocating moral education method theory of individual existence and individual freedom of choice,to encourage students to develop in the moral learning personality,by students themselves actively explore for moral knowledge and moral behavior standards;Care theory emphasizes the moral education method based on the "care" to carry out moral education teaching,this fully shows that the two methods of moral education theory method theory of moral education in colleges and universities adhere to the moral education theory of humanism.The rational theory of moral education emphasizes the moral education of knowledge path;The theory of perfect personality moral education emphasizes the imparting of the elements of perfect personality as the content,which embodies the salient features of the theory of moral education.The effect of the rehabilitation and reconstruction is the emergence of a large number of colleges and universities moral education method,to guide and change the implementation of the concrete methods of moral education in universities,especially in recent 40 years,American colleges and universities moral education experts and advocates have been actively explore effective moral teaching methods,and explore the many achievements.For example,in the aspect of the direct teaching methods of moral education in colleges and universities,there are moral problem argumentation,research-based teaching method,understanding teaching method,critical teaching method,multicultural curriculum teaching method,etc.In the informal learning theory of moral education in colleges and universities,there are services--learning method,connectionism learning method,decentralized learning method,scientific research standard structure,etc.There are represented by the President of the university advocates the integration of teaching theory is put forward,such as wide learning experience,integration of academic,interdisciplinary study and scientific research,teaching,learning consortium,etc.These methods of moral education in colleges and universities,people not only deepen the understanding of the function of moral education in universities,and establish the status of the methods of moral education in colleges and universities moral education,to carry out a variety of colorful activities to moral education in colleges and universities to provide the guidance method.The practice of theory can not only test the scientificity of the theory,but also promote the realization of the goal.The concrete practice form of moral education method is the key to realize the goal of moral education in colleges and universities.The practical form of moral education in American colleges and universities is highly flexible and diverse,and the methods of moral education in colleges and universities show various characteristics and colorful situations.However,in general,there are two forms of daily moral education,which mainly include discussion,teaching and infiltration,as well as daily moral education based on network,scientific research,service experience and cultural edification.Each method is reflected in different forms in different universities.For example,there are freshmen seminars,small class discussions and large class group discussions in the discussion.Teaching includes interactive teaching,office hours,motivational speaking on campus,etc.Infiltration teaching methods include "course string",interdisciplinary course,etc.Network moral law such as computer assisted instruction,open course,MOOC and so on;Research ethics,research ethics,green laboratory sports,academic integrity education,etc.Practice moral law includes charity service,weekend activities,etc.Campus culture moral law such as caring community,religious culture,overseas study Tours,etc.This shows the characteristics of the diversity and openness of moral education in American colleges and universities.Through the method of systematic analysis of moral education in colleges and universities in the United States,we can find that the method in the long-term historical development process of moral education in colleges and universities not only formed a comprehensive open method of moral education system,form a many-sided cooperation methods of moral education practice mode,and pay attention to using the latest technology update method system,maintain its advanced nature.At the same time,these methods are too idealistic,and there is a disadvantage of formalism,which ignores the possibility of negative moral influence in concrete practice.We should be on the basis of criticizing the reference,based on the method of moral education in colleges and universities in our country defects,and actively promote the combination of teaching,scientific research in colleges and universities-practice method,create various interdisciplinary groups of moral education,introducing new technology method of moral education,etc.,promote the transformation of the method of moral education in colleges and universities.