| Physical development is one of the important indicators reflecting the health level of children and adolescents.Although the physical development level has been continuously improved of children and adolescents in China,but recent years with the emergence of problems such as overnutrition,insufficient physical activity and excessive sedentary time,A series of negative phenomena such as a rapid increase in overweight and obesity rates and a decline in physical fitness levels were arised.Moreover,the socio-economic and natural environmental factors in different regions of China vary greatly.There are still many imbalances in the physical development level of children and adolescents in various regions.The current research on these new problems and phenomena still lacks a comprehensive survey of large-scale national systems.Therefore,in the context of building “healthy China” and promoting “great health” at the present stage,analyze and discuss the physical development status and influencing factors of children and adolescents in China,pay attention to regional differences,and take scientific and reasonable measures to improve the body of children and adolescents.This study analyzes the current physical of children and adolescents in China through new physical testing methods and body composition evaluation methods,combined with large-scale questionnaires and physical test data across the country.The specific geographical distribution characteristics of physical development and influencing factors which provide reference for the formulation and implementation of related measures such as health promotion for children and adolescents in China.A total 30,914 subjects(15,327 boys and 15,587 girls)aged 7-18 were selected by random case method,Based on the national survey.According to geography and related research,all of the subjects are divided into latitudes areas(low latitude,middle latitude and high latitude),altitudes areas(low altitude,medium altitude and high altitude),urban and rural areas(cities,towns and villages).The social economic status,physical activity and dietary habits of children and adolescents were investigated by questionnaires.The physique,physical fitness and body composition of the subjects were tested by physical fitness test.Descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA were used to compare the differences of physical development among children and adolescents in different regions.Multivariate regression analysis,chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the factors affecting the physical development of children and adolescents.This study analyzes the physical development of children and adolescents in different regions of China from the following three studies and its influencing factors.The following results are obtained through the research: Part 1.Physique development and influencing factors of Chinese children and adolescents(1)In general,the physical evaluation values of males and females in different latitudes are low latitudes(males0.829851,females0.844718),middle latitudes(males 0.968509,females 0.983944),and high latitudes(males 0.976804,females 0.992859).The comprehensive physical evaluation values at different altitudes are respectively low altitudes(males0.974608,females 0.992126),and medium altitudes(male 0.946681,female 0.956798),high altitudes(male 0.752173,female 0.828903),the values showed gradually decreased trend with the altitudes elevation;between urban and rural areas,the comprehensive physical evaluation value in big cities(male 0.972811,female 0.992193),small cities(male 0.952404,female 0.972848),rural areas(male 0.890210,0.926312).(2)In terms of influencing factors,the impact of family income and maternal education level on physical development was significant(P<0.001);in terms of physical activity,the daily exercise time has a significant effect on physical development(P<0.001).In terms of eating habits,the frequency of dairy products has a significant effect on the height of males and females(P<0.001).the selective eating behavior had a significant impact on the weight and body surface area of boys and girls(P < 0.001).Part 2.Physical fitness development and influencing factors of Chinese children and adolescents(1)In general,the physical fitness evaluation values of boys and girls in mid-latitude were(male 0.977383,female 0.965448),followed by those in low latitude(male 0.963785,female 0.965446),and those in high latitude(male 0.896647,female 0.917037);the highest comprehensive physical fitness evaluation values at high altitude were(male 0.979814,female 0.970804),followed by those at medium altitude(male 0.972489,female 0.948263),and the lowest altitude.Low(male 0.963621,female 0.948283),showing a gradual increase trend with the elevation;the comparison between urban and rural areas shows that the highest comprehensive physical fitness evaluation values of rural(male 0.976056,female 0.970841),followed by small cities(male 0.914362,female 0.946635),and the lowest in big cities(male 0.862384,female 0.931194).(2)The results of single factor analysis showed that the proportion of male and female students with high physical fitness in high-income families was higher than that in low-income families(P < 0.001).The proportion of high physical fitness of boys and girls who use active transportation to go/off school is higher than that of those who take bus and parents to pick up(P < 0.05);the proportion of high physical fitness of boys who spend less than 1 hour a day sitting longer is higher than that of boys who spend more than 3 hours a day sitting longer(P < 0.001);with the decrease of daily exercise time,the proportion of high physical fitness of boys and girls decreases gradually,and the difference is significant(P < 0.001).001).the proportion of high physical fitness of those who often eat breakfast is higher than that of those who hardly eat breakfast(P < 0.001);the proportion of high physical fitness of boys and girls who do not choose to eat breakfast is higher than that those who often choose to eat,there is a significant difference between them(P < 0.05).(3)The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of low physical fitness of boys and girls in low-income families was higher than that of boys and girls in high-income families(P < 0.05).boys who usually ride bicycles go/off school have a lower risk of low physical fitness(OR=0.88);the difference between sedentary time < 1 h and > 3 h is significant(P < 0.05);the difference between exercise time > 2 h and < 30 min per day is significant(P < 0.05).The risk of low physical fitness of boys and girls who often eat breakfast is lower than that of those who hardly eat breakfast(P < 0.05);the risk of low physical fitness of boys and girls who do not choose to eat is lower(P < 0.001);the risk of low physical fitness of boys who often eat dairy products is lower than that of boys who hardly eat(OR = 0.89),the difference is significant(P < 0.05).Part 3.Body composition development and influencing factors of Chinese children and adolescents(1)In general,body composition abnormalities of boys and girls at low latitude were(males 24.0%,females 22.6%),mid-latitude(males 30.1%,females 27.4%),and high latitudes(males 38.2%,females 35.2%),showing a trend of increasing with the latitude;the abnormal rates of body composition at different altitudes is low altitude(males 30.4%,females 27.8%)and medium altitude(males 27.6%,females 25.5 %),high altitude(males 22.3%,females 21.5%),showing a trend of decreasing with altitude;between urban and rural,the abnormal rates of males and females in big cities(males 33.8%,females 29.7%),Small cities(males 27.7%,females 25.7%)and rural areas(males 21.8%,females 23.0%)were significantly different(P<0.05).(2)The results of single factor analysis showed that the rates of abnormal body composition in high-educated parents were higher than low-educated parents(P<0.001).The abnormal rates increased with the increase of family income,and the difference was highly significant(P<0.001).the abnormal rate of students who used active transportation to attend /off school was lower than males and females who took buses and parents(P<0.001).The abnormal body composition rate of boys who did not participate in extracurricular sports activities(31.4%)was higher than boys who exercised daily(24.0%),and the difference was significant(P<0.001).the abnormal rate of boys who regularly ate breakfast(27.4%)was lower than boys who did not eat breakfast(32.2%),and the difference was significant(P<0.01).The abnormal rate of those who often eat snacks is higher than males and females who rarely eat(P<0.01).The abnormal rate of male and female who were not picky eaters was higher than those who were often picky eaters(P<0.001).(3)The results of multiple logistic regression showed that the lower risk of abnormal body composition of male and female which parents have lower education level(male OR=0.67,0.62;female OR=0.89,0.77)compared with parents with higher education level;The risk of abnormal body composition of students increased X with the family income(P<0.05).Boys who use active transportation to go/off school are have lower risk of abnormalities(male OR=0.96,1.13;female OR=1.11,1.22);Males and females who take daily exercise time <30 min(male OR=1.21,female OR=1.03)have a higher risk of abnormal body composition than those with a daily exercise time >2h.The consumption rate of breakfast,snacks and carbonated drinks and picky behavior had a significant effect on the abnormal rate of boys(P<0.05);The risk of abnormal body composition of girls who regularly eat snacks(OR=1.04)and frequent picky eaters(OR=1.43)was significantly higher than that of girls who did not eat(P<0.05).the following conclusions are drawn,based on the above research: 1.The physical development has the characteristics of hierarchical distribution among Chinese children and adolescents.(1)In terms of physique,the mean values of height,weight and body surface area of children and adolescents aged 7-18 in China increase with latitude and decrease with altitude.From big cities to rural areas,the average height,weight and body surface area of boys and girls decreased in turn.(2)In terms of physical fitness,the comprehensive evaluation of physical fitness of boys and girls in mid-latitude is the largest,followed by those in low latitude and the smallest in high latitude;the comprehensive evaluation of physical fitness of boys and girls shows a trend of increasing gradually with the increase of altitude;from rural to urban,the comprehensive evaluation of physical fitness of children and adolescents shows a gradual downward trend.(3)In terms of body composition,the rates of abnormal body composition increases with latitude and decreases with altitude.From cities to rural areas,the detection rate of abnormal body composition of male and female students showed a downward trend in turn.2.The socio-economic status,physical activity and eating habits affect the physical development of Chinese children and adolescents.(1)There is a correlation between socioeconomic status and physical development of children and adolescents.Among them,the family income level and the mother's education level have a significant impact on the physical development of male and female students.In general,males and females with higher SES have better physique and physical development,but the detection rate of abnormal body composition are higher too.(2)Physical activity has an impact on the physical development of children and adolescents.Among them,the more exercise time per day and the higher frequency of extracurricular exercise are the protective factors for the physical development of boys and girls,more sedentary time per day is the risk factor.(3)Dietary habits are related to the physical development of children and adolescents.Among them,regular consumption of breakfast and dairy products is a protective factor for the physical development of boys and girls,and frequent picky eating is a risk factor for the physical development of children and adolescents. |
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