The Development Of Physical Capacity Of Chinese Talent-Transferring Athletes In Long Term Cross-Country Skiing Training

Purpose:The main purposes of this study are:1)to explore the characteristics of body composition of Talent Transferred Athletes?TTs?,and the differences of body composition among TTs from different sports;2)to explore the impact of long-term cross-country skiing training on the general and specific physiological capacity of cross-country skiing of TTs?so called ‘physical capacity'?and their development;3)to explore the characteristics and differences of cross-country skiing ability of TTs from different sports in long-term cross-country skiing training,and providing suggestions for future training.Methods:Study 1:60 TTs?men:19.4±1.6 years old,182.4±5.0 cm,74.8±7.8 kg;women:20.0±2.1 years old,169.7±5.4 cm,60.8±7.1 kg?from the middle and long distance running,canoeing and rowing participated in this study,each sport has 10 male athletes and 10 female athletes.60 TTs were tested on the body composition of Luna iDXA?General Electric Company,USA?.IBM SPSS 17.0 software?SPSS Inc.,Chicago,IL,United States?and Excel 2013?Microsoft Corporation,Redmond,Washington,United States?were used to analysis the data of body composition of TTs.All data were presented in the form of Mean±Standard Deviation?Mean±SD?.The normal distribution test was used on the data,and when the data confirmed by normal distribution then will be tested in the next step.The independent-samples t test was used to compare the differences between different genders?men and women?and TTs from different sports?middle-distance running,rowing,canoeing?.Significant was set at P<0.05,and very significant was set at P<0.01.Study 2:November 2018 to May 2019,24 TTs?15 male athletes,18.7±1.5 years old,179.9±8.5 cm,68.5±10.1 kg;9 female athletes,19.9±2.2 years old,166.5±7.8 cm,60.3±8.1 kg?participated cross-country skiing training at Meraker High School in Norway.The 24 TTs will take part 3 series tests in November 2018,February 2019and May 2019,respectively.The tests include:treadmill lactate threshold test,maximal oxygen uptake test,roller ski sub-maximal test,roller ski lactate threshold test,roller ski peak oxygen uptake test,ski ergo meter 30 seconds Wingate test,ski ergo meter 5 minutes double polling test,cross-country skiing specific maximal strength test,and cross-country skiing specific strength endurance test,etc.IBM SPSS17.0 software?SPSS Inc.,Chicago,IL,United States?and Excel 2013?Microsoft Corporation,Redmond,Washington,United States?were used for statistical processing.All data were presented in the form of Mean±Standard Deviation?Mean±SD?.The data were tested for normal distribution,and when the data confirmed by normal distribution then will be compared with themselves by repeat-measures ANOVA?test 1,test 2 and test 3?.P<0.05 was considered to be significant,and P<0.01 to be very significant.Cohen's d formula was used to calculate the Effect Size?ES?of the indicators tested before and after the 6-month cross-country skiing special training.The evaluation criteria of the Effect Size were as following:0-0.2 negligible effect,0.2-0.6 small effect,0.6-1.2 medium Effect,1.2-2.0 large Effect,and>2.0great effect.Study 3:November 2018 to May 2019,15 TTs from the middle and long distance running?here by referred to as"RUN";18.7±2.0 years old,173.7±10.1 cm,62.1±8.6 kg?and 9 TTs from canoeing or rowing?here by referred to as"KR";20.0±1.2years old,176.8±10.1 cm,and 71.0±9.3 kg?who were trained at Meraker High School in Norway participated this study.RUN and KR participated series tests at November 2018,February 2019 and May 2019,respectively.The tests include:treadmill lactate threshold test,maximal oxygen uptake test,roller ski sub-maximal test,roller ski lactate threshold test,roller ski peak oxygen uptake test,ski ergo meter30 seconds Wingate test,ski ergo meter 5 minutes double polling test,cross-country skiing specific maximal strength test,and cross-country skiing strength endurance test,etc.IBM SPSS 17.0 software?SPSS Inc.,Chicago,IL,United States?and Excel 2013?Microsoft Corporation,Redmond,Washington,United States?were used for statistical processing.All data were presented in the form of Mean±Standard Deviation?Mean±SD?.The normal distribution test were used on the data,and the independent-sample t test was used to compare the differences between the TTs from different sports?RUN and KR?.P<0.05 was considered to be significant,and P<0.01 to be very significant.Cohen's d formula was used to calculate the Effect Size?ES?of the indicators tested before and after the 6-month cross-country skiing training.The evaluation criteria of the Effect Size were as following:0-0.2 negligible effect,0.2-0.6 small effect,0.6-1.2 medium effect,1.2-2.0 large effect,and>2.0 maximum effect.Results:Study 1:there were significant differences in body shape and body composition between male and female TTs.The TTs male athletes were significantly higher than the TTs female athletes?P<0.05?at the following indexes such as height,weight,BMI,total mass of body,upper limbs,trunk and lower limbs,muscle mass of body,upper limbs,trunk and lower limbs,total muscle%BM,upper limbs,trunk and lower limbs%SM and so on.The total body,upper limb,trunk and lower limb fat mass?%BM?of female TTs were significantly higher than that of male TTs?P<0.05?.There were significant differences in body shape and body composition among TTs from different sports.The KR were significantly higher?P<0.05?than the RUN at the following indexes such as height,weight,total mass of the whole body,upper limbs,trunk and lower limbs,muscle mass of the whole body,upper limbs,trunk and lower limbs,and bone mass of the whole body,upper limbs and trunk and so on.There is no significant difference between the former rower and the former kayaker in most body shape indexes.Study 2:During the 6 months training process,TTs got significant progress in test 3when compare with test 1 on the following indexes?P<0.05?:vVO_2max,VO_2max of treadmill running test;CL,CT,OBLA Power,OBLA Incline,vVO2_peak,VO2_peakeak Power,maximum BLA and HR,maximum RPE of roller ski sub-maximal and maximal test;30 seconds Mean Power,Mean Power Per KG,maximum Distance,eventually RPE of ski ergo 30 seconds Wingate test for;Power meter,5 minutes of Mean Power,Mean Power Per KG,maximum Distance,final RPE,VO2_peak Ab of ski ego 5 min test;SPD1RM,TPD1RM,MAX Chin,MAX Dips.TTs got significant decreases in test 3 when compare with test 1 on the following indexes?P<0.05?:O_2cost Ab,O_2cost Rl,RER,HR,BLA,RPE and GE of roller ski sub-maximum test.Regarding the test index of the ES value,BLA,CL,CR,vVO2_peak and vVO2_peakeak Power indices have ES value of large effects.Compared with the world class cross-country skiers,TTs showed a large gap on treadmill VO_2max Ab,VO_2max Rl,HR_max,BLA,VO_2peak Ab and VO_2peak Power,etc.In addition,the TTs male athletes are far behind with world class cross-country skiers in ski ergo 30 seconds Wingate test Mean Power,5 minutes continuous sliding test Mean Power,cross-country skiing special maximum strength test SPD1RM and other indicators.Study 3:During the 6-month cross-country skiing training,RUN got significant progress in test 3 when compare with test 1 on the following indexes?P<0.05?:OBLA Power and OBLA Incline,vVO_2peak,VO_2peak Power,VO_2peak Ab,maximum BLA and maximum RPE of roller ski sub-maximal tests;Mean Power,Mean Power Per KG,Peak Power,Peak Power Per KG,and maximum Distance in 30 seconds of30s ski ergo Wingate test;Mean Power,Mean Power Per KG,maximum Distance,and final RPE of 5 min ski ergo double poling tests;SPD1RM,TPD1RM,Max Chin and Max Dips of strength tests,etc.RUN got significant decrease in test 3 when compare with test 1 on the following indexes?P<0.05?:O_2cost Ab,O_2cost Rl,RER,HR,BLA,RPE,CR of sub-maximal roller ski tests.After 6-months cross-country skiing training,KR got significant progress in test 3when compare with test 1 on the following indexes?P<0.05?:CL,CT,vVO2_peak,vVO2_peak Power,maximum HR,RPE,Mean Power,Mean Power Per KG and maximal distance of 5 min ski-ergo test,SPD1RM,TPD1RM,Max Chin.KR got significant decrease in test 3 when compare with test 1 on the following indexes?P<0.05?:RER,BLA,CR of roller ski sub maximal tests etc.After six months cross-country skiing training,compared with the test 1,the RUN got significant higher progress in test 3 than KR in following indexes?P<0.05?:HR,RPE of roller ski sub-maximal tests;OBLA Power,vVO_2peak peak,VO_2peak Power,VO_2peak Ab,VO_2peak Rl of roller ski maximal tests;Mean Power and Mean Power Per KG,maximum distance of 30 s ski ergo tests;Max Dips of strength test.Compared with the world class cross-country skiers,the RUN are far behind on the following indexes such as body weight,VO_2max Ab;HR,BLA of roller ski sub maximal test;VO_2peak Ab of roller ski maximal test;Mean Power of 30s and 5mins ski ergo test;SPD1RM of maximal strength test.Compared with the world class cross-country skiers,KR are far behind on the following indexes such as VO_2max Rl;HR,BLA of roller ski sub-maximal test;and VO_2peak Rl of roller ski maximal test.Conclusions and Suggestions:After analyzing the results of Study 1,Study 2 and Study 3,we conclude as following:1)There are significant differences between TTs from different sport,and the RUN‘s whole body mass,lean mass are significantly lower than the KR.Different TTs from different sports performed different characteristics when compared with world class cross-country skiers,the former rowers are closing to each items of body indexes;the trunk fat mass and fat%SM of the former kayakers are relatively high;the upper limbs and trunk muscle mass of the former middle-distance runners still have a huge gap.2)The TTs' sports capacity got improved during the six month cross-country skiing training at following aspects such as maximal running speed,skiing movement economy,specific movement performance,specific maximal power output,specific continuous power output,specific maximal strength,and specific strength endurance,etc.Compared with world class cross-country skiers,TTs still have big gap on the following aspects such as maximal oxygen uptake capability,skiing movement economy,specific peak oxygen uptake capability,specific continuous power output and specific maximal strength,etc.3)In six months of cross-country skiing training,RUN's physical capacity got improved at following aspects:special cross-country skiing movement technical level,the technical movement economy,specific lactate threshold ability,specific maximum power capability,specific continuous power capability,specific maximal strength and specific strength endurance,etc.;KR's physical capacity got improved at following aspects:such as the specific maximum power output capability,the specific continuous power output capability,the specific maximum strength and the specific endurance strength.The progresses of the RUN were higher than KR in the following aspects:the technical level,economic performance,lactate threshold capacity and maximum power capacity of the special technique.4)Compared with world class cross-country skiers,the RUN have big gap on maximal absolute oxygen uptake capacity,skiing movement economy,specific absolute peak oxygen uptake capacity,specific continuous power output and specific maximal strength;the KR have big gap on maximal relative oxygen uptake capacity,skiing movement economy and specific relative peak oxygen uptake capacity.It is suggested that Chinese TTs should pay attention to the following points in future's training:1)A regular and comprehensive physiological capacity assessment system should be established,based on regular treadmill lactate threshold test,maximal oxygen uptake test,roller ski sub-maximal test,roller ski lactate threshold test,roller ski peak oxygen uptake test,ski ergo meter 30 seconds Wingate test,ski ergo meter 5 minutes double polling test,cross-country skiing specific maximal strength test,and specific strength endurance test,etc.Based on that,we could monitor the development of the Chinese TTs,evaluate the training effect and provide suggestions for future training.It is suggested that BLA,CL and CR of roller ski sub maximal test;vVO_2peak,vVO_2peakpeak Power and maximum RPE of roller ski maximal test should be referred as high valuable index.HR,RPE,CT,OBLA Power,OBLA Incline of roller ski test,peak BLA of roller ski maximal test;the Mean Power of 30 s Wingate test;final RPE of 5min ski ego test;Max Chin and Max Dips of Strength test should be high valuable relative index.2)The “little extra” training should be insisted in the future which mainly focused on cross-country skiing skills imitation and special lower limb stability training.In the6-month cross-country skiing training,the gap of improvement of cross-country skiing specific ability between the two groups shows that this kind of training is an effective way to improve the cross-country skiing specific skill level and ski movement economy.We suggest that,in the future,the coaching group of TTs should consider different sports back ground and gender difference in the training process,and they should make individual plans for TTs to speed up the progressing speed in the future.3)The system of cross-country skiing training should be stable,and 16-20 hours of cross-country skiing training should be completed every week.If we could insist that then we could steadily improve cross-country skiing specific technique level,movement economy,special power capability and specific strength level of TTs.At the same time,attention should also be paid on running training to maintain and improve the aerobic capacity of the body,maximum oxygen uptake capacity and cross-country skiing specific peak oxygen uptake capacity.4)The KR should focus on operating more long-time low-intensity cross-country skiing training,aerobic endurance training,and cross-country skiing movement imitation training,reducing fat mass?especially the trunk fat mass?,to improve their peak oxygen uptake capability in cross country skiing specific movement and the efficiency of long duration in cross-country skiing specific movement.5)The RUN should focus on operating more cross-country skiing specific strength training?maximum strength,strength endurance,core strength?,getting more nutrition supplements,to improve the cross-country skiing specific muscle mass and specific muscle strength,and closing the gap with the world class cross-country skiers in body composition and muscle strength.Furthermore,RUN should improve their peak oxygen uptake capacity,maximum power capacity,long term power out-put capacity and maximum power under cross-country skiing specific movement.