| The construction of high-level sports teams in Chinese universities is an important part of China's higher education,as well as an important approach for the sustainable and coordinated development of competitive sports in colleges and universities in China.It is of great significance for the cultivation of sports reserve talents and the establishment of international first-class universities in China.The systematic analysis of spatial distribution characteristics of high-level sports teams in Chinese universities can provide important theoretical references for constructing scientific and reasonable development pattern.In this paper,based on the theory of physical geography,we used geo-statistics and GIS spatial analysis to quantitatively and visually study the spatial distribution characteristics and dynamic evolution process of high-level sports teams in Chinese universities.The results of research are as follows:(1)In 2017,a total of 275 colleges and universities in China enrolled high-level sports teams in seven geographical regions,including east China,north China,northeast China,central China,northwest China,southwest China and south China,and 30 provinces except Xizang(autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government)as well as 80 cities.(2)At present,the distribution patterns of high-level sports teams in Chinese universities are surplus in the east and north,while deficit in the westand south.It shows different distribution characteristics at different spatial scales.At the regional and provincial scales,the distribution is discrete and balanced,while at the municipal and university scales it is aggregated and concentrated.Further,using the methods of geographic concentration index,the Gini coefficient,the unbalanced coefficient and the Lorentz curve,it was concluded that the equilibrium of the spatial distribution of high-level sports teams in Chinese universities is related to spatial scale.With the gradual decrease of scale from regional,provincial to municipal level,the degree of geographical concentration is gradually increased,and the degree of equilibrium is gradually reduced,especially at the municipal level presents obvious unbalanced characteristics.(3)In 2017,a total of 26 high-level sports events were set up in the high-level sports teams in Chinese universities,and the number of different sports varied greatly in spatial distribution.More than 20 colleges offered track and field,basketball,football,volleyball,swimming,table tennis,badminton,tennis and aerobics,while fewer than five offered new events,including chess,handball,softball,rock climbing,judo,rowing,rugby,wrestling and beach volleyball nine events,accounting for 35 percent of the total events.At the regional and provincial scales,the distribution of high-level sports events in Chinese universities is extremely unbalanced,showing a pattern of more east and less west,more north and less south.At the municipal scale,the high-level sports events in Chinese universities aremainly distributed in individual cities with developed economy and abundant university resources,while the majority of cities have few sports events and show an unbalanced spatial distribution pattern.(4)Since 1986,when the former state education commission decided to try out high-level sports teams in some universities,the high-level sports teams in Chinese universities have gone through four important stages:starting,adjusting,rapid and stable development.Based on the analysis of the spatial-temporal distribution patterns and dynamic evolution of high-level sports teams in Chinese universities in four different periods of development,it was concluded that the spatial distribution pattern is more in the east and less in the west,more in the north and less in the south.On the whole,it presents the characteristics of aggregated distribution,and the aggregation degrees have gradually enhanced in four different periods of development.At the regional scale,the high-level sports teams in Chinese universities have a more obvious development direction in the northwest and northeast regions,while on the national scale they only have a more obvious distribution direction in the adjustment stage in 1995.(5)By unbalance index and Gini coefficient,we found that the spatial distribution of high-level sports teams in Chinese universities is unbalanced in four different periods of development,and the characteristics of unbalance are different in different spatial-temporal scales.On the time scale,the unbalance gradually increases with the different periods of development,andon the spatial scale,the response degrees of the unbalance are also different.At the regional and provincial scales,the degrees of unbalance have a small change,and the development is relatively balanced.At the municipal scale,the degree of unbalance changes most obviously,and the degree of development is relatively higher than others.(6)It was showed that high-level sports teams in Chinese universities are distributed mainly in eastern and middle regions by the kernel density analysis,and these regions formed Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,Shanghai-Nanjing Wuhan and Xi'an as four high-density core areas;while the whole distribution density in western regions is very low,low-density areas are in the west,southwest and peripheral areas of medium and high density.(7)By taking the football project with the highest attention as an example,we researched the spatial distribution characteristics of high-level football teams in Chinese universities.In 2018,a total of 154 colleges and universities in China enrolled high-level football teams in seven geographical regions,29 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government,except Qinghai and Tibet)and 58 cities.The overall spatial distribution shows obvious unbalanced and local aggregation characteristics,with surplus in the east and north,while deficit in the west and south.There are four high-density areas,namely Beijing-Tianjin,Nanjing-Shanghai-Hangzhou,Wuhan-Changsha,and Xi'an four high-density distribution areas,while the overall distribution density is lower in the partregions of the west and south.At the same time,the high-level football teams in Chinese universities have different distribution types at different spatial scales,which are discrete at regional and provincial scales,and clustered at municipal and university scales.(8)From 2005 to 2018,the number of high-level football teams in Chinese has been steadily increasing,and high-abundance areas have been gradually expanded from Beijing,Shanghai and Jiangsu of rich resources of colleges and universities to Shaanxi,Shandong,Hubei and the eastern coastal areas.In addition,the spatial distribution is characterized by significant clustering,and the clustering degree shows a trend of fluctuating growth.Through the spatial autocorrelation analysis of the development of high-level football teams in Chinese universities in the past 15 years,we found the spatial dependence of high-level football teams in Chinese universities is gradually increasing,and the spatial autocorrelation is positive.Moreover,the Global Moran's I indices in the four periods are all positive,and the scatter graphs of Moran's I show the clustering characteristics of “high-high” and“low-low”.The “high-high” clustering areas are stable in Beijing,Shanghai,Xi'an and other cities with rich universities resources,while the “low-low”clustering areas are mainly distributed in the west and southwest regions.From the perspective of geographical space,we systematically analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics and dynamic evolution process of high-level sports teams in Chinese universities over the past three decades.The purpose of our research is to promote balanced,sustainable and harmonious development of college competitive sports in China,so as to provide scientifically theoretical basis and practical reference for the medium and long-term development plan of high-level sports teams in Chinese universities in the future. |
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