The Return Of Virtue In Moral Education

Any kind of moral education idea is based on a certain moral philosophy,which defines the core category of moral education and makes different moral education ideas show different theoretical characteristics.In the most basic sense,moral education is to make people abide by specific moral rules and become a real moral existence.In short,the ultimate purpose of moral education is to make "people" truly "adults".It is not difficult to see the tendency of "de moralization" and "dehumanization"in the traditional moral education concept and practice.One of the important reasons for this result is the normative ethical philosophy foundation of traditional moral education.Normative ethics emphasizes that morality is the leading discipline of the whole society to individual consciousness and the external control of individual behavior.Therefore,the moral education in practice is more manifested as one-way rule instilling and rule following.Moral education,as a kind of practical activity to make "human" truly "adult",should be based on a philosophy that takes human virtue as the value carrier.Only in this way can moral education overcome the theoretical and practical difficulties brought by normative ethics,which is also the objective requirement of returning to the real existence of moral education.Taking human virtue as the value carrier of morality,not only embodies the static value of morality,but also embodies the dynamic value pursuit process of virtue generation.Moral education should not only propagandize a kind of "should be",but also transform this kind of "should be" into "can be".This dynamic transformation process is also the generation process of human virtue.Therefore,only the education that can cultivate people's virtue is the real moral education.In different periods,people have different opinions on morality and the basis of moral education.Before the enlightenment,people always tend to seek the explanation of moral and moral education basis from the transcendental objective spirit independent of personal consciousness.But with the progress of science and technology and the maturity of human reason,people gradually get rid of the tradition of explaining the phenomena in time and space through transcendental force.Since the age of enlightenment,moral philosophers,through Hume's reconstruction,have subverted the theoretical basis of traditional classical virtue theory,and have provided a new rational argument for morality and moral education by relying on the concept of equality and freedom in the secular sense.However,this kind of enlightenment planning,which deviates from the tradition of virtue,not only fails to provide a theoretical basis for moral education to conform to the pursuit of true value,but also falls into a dilemma of normative ethies.The reform of contemporary moral education inevitably requires the return of virtue,and the revival of virtue ethics provides rich theoretical resources and strong theoretical basis for the return of virtue in moral education.As a representative scholar of virtue ethics,Macintyre has made an effective critical analysis of the evolution of the framework of moral argument and the practical dilemma of moral education from his unique perspective of virtue theory,so as to find a way to solve the problem based on the fulcrum of virtue theory for moral education.Taking MacIntyre's virtue theory as the research perspective of this paper,in addition to its important position in the history of virtue thought and representative theoretical achievements,there is also an important reason that Macintyre was a Marxist in the early stage of his academic career,"Marxist stand runs through the whole academic research of MacIntyre,and the late turn is also to mark The adjustment of ideology." Although in the later period,he was alienated from Marxism because of the theoretical divergence and the change of social,political and cultural environment,but throughout the development of Macintyre's thought,we can still find the traces left by Marxist theory in his ideological system,especially the emphasis on practical problems in the sense of virtue theory.Therefore,choosing MacIntyre's virtue theory as the research perspective will help us to keep the basic position of Marxism to analyze the problem of virtue rationally.At the same time,Macintyre,as a giant in western ethics,chooses his most representative moral ethics as academic resources.It also helps us to learn from the western moral education essence on the basis of comparative reflection,and gradually update our moral education philosophy and improve the effectiveness of moral education.In terms of writing ideas,this paper first combs the relevant theoretical research results of Macintyre's ethics at home and abroad,and determines the basic ideas and framework structure for the existing research results,which lays a research starting point for the paper.Then,it defines the related concepts of moral education and virtue ethics,and briefly discusses the reconstruction ideas,theoretical contributions and theoretical limitations of Macintyre's virtue ethics.Then,it discusses the reconstruction of the rationality of moral education from the two dimensions of crisis and proper name of moral education;on this basis,it elaborates and analyzes the relationship between the two directions:virtue and norm.Then,from the point of view that human being is a dependent rational animal,this paper analyzes the basis of moral education.Finally,it systematically discusses the value aim of moral education:the generation of virtue.The writing ideas of this topic are embodied in the following aspects:The first part is the introduction.This paper mainly introduces the background and significance of the topic,the research status of Macintyre's virtue ethics at home and abroad,the basic framework structure,research methods and innovation of the paper,and so on,which lays a research starting point for the comprehensive research of the topic.The second part is the definition of the core concept.First of all,it introduces the concept of moral education,and analyzes and explains the meaning and rationality of "big moral education" and "small moral education";then,it expounds the concept,structure and characteristics of virtue;then,it briefly discusses the concept of virtue ethics,and roughly reviews the development process of virtue ethics;finally,it analyzes the reconstruction ideas of Macintyre's virtue ethics,and puts forward some suggestions on how to restructure it,and further discusses the theoretical contribution and limitations of Macintyre's ethics of natureThe third part is the reconstruction of the rationality of moral education.This part mainly discusses the reconstruction of the rationality of moral education from two aspects:the crisis of the rationality of moral education and the justification of the rationality of moral education.Among them,the crisis of the rationality of moral education mainly includes the self concealment of moral education,the value imbalance of moral education,and the weakness of moral education;the proper name of the rationality of moral education mainly discusses the human nature presupposition,value commitment and normative proposition of Macintyre's theory of virtue.The fourth part,two ways of moral education.This part analyzes two different development ways of moral education from two dimensions of virtue and norm.First of all,it focuses on the analysis of the historical track of the essence of moral education,mainly including three stages:from "divine virtue" to "human virtue";from "norms" to "Virtue";return to "Virtue" tradition.Secondly,it discusses the logical relationship between virtue and norm from three aspects of identity,heterogeneity and complementarity.At last,it expounds the dilemma of moral education of normative ethics,mainly including the misunderstanding of "human","morality","happiness",the de moralization of moral education and the lack of explanation of moral situation.The fifth part is the logical starting point of moral education.This part mainly discusses that human being as a dependent rational animal is the logical starting point of moral education.The animal nature of human beings is a fact that moral education is often ignored.The shelter of human animal nature causes people to ignore the common ground with intelligent species,and separates the relationship between animal nature and spirituality.The focus of moral education should be the virtue of human dependence.The sixth part,the value purpose of moral education.This part first discusses the Marxist Review of Macintyre's moral ethics,including the Marxist gene,reconstruction ideas,theoretical contributions and theoretical limitations of Macintyre's moral ethics;secondly,it discusses from three perspectives:the confirmation of the theoretical basis of Marxism's moral,the compatibility of moral and historical materialism,the internal unity of moral and practical concepts This paper proves the legitimacy of the thought of Marxist virtue,and then discusses in detail the three paths of the generation of Marxist virtue,which are:seeking to guide virtue with purpose,cultivating virtue with practical activities and supporting virtue with communism;finally,combined with the specific national conditions of the new era,it discusses the era value of the generation of Marxist virtue,which are:to realize the establishment of education The fundamental way of the task of moral education is an important guarantee for the implementation of the outline for the construction of citizens' morality in the new era,and it is also the proper meaning for the realization of the ideal of a community with a shared future for mankind.