Reconstruction Of The Theory And Method Of Green GDP Accounting

In the context that resource and environment problems is becoming increasingly severe,the weakness of GDP,which is a core economic indicator,in reflecting resource and environment factors becomes increasingly prominent.Some international organizations and countries have started Green GDP research,but there are much difficulties which make the process of Green GDP research and practice get into trouble t.In recent years,as the environmental policies become more and more strict and the ecological civilization construction have achieved remarkable success,the calling for Green GDP is becoming more and more urgent.In 2015,Ministry of Environmental Protection announced the relaunchment of the research of Green GDP,which was called the Green GDP 2.0.After that,some research results with obvious time feature came out in succession.However,problems in these researches were obvious,for example,most of the researches focuses on technological assessment and lack economic and accounting theory support and a unified accounting method,which made the accounting results nonadditive and incomparable.In view of the existing problems in current researches of Green GDP,this paper constructs an index to make the valuation.The index construction is under the national economic accounting frame,follows Green GDP research paradigm,maintains the core characteristics of National Economic Accounting and economics of Green GDP,and reflects the factors such as resource depletion,environmental pollution and environmental improvement.In the end,this paper takes Shanxi Province as an example and calculate the Green GDP of the province and all cities in the province.The main works of the article are as follows:First,this paper reconstruct the theoretical framework of Green GDP accounting.To cope with the weakness of the current research on Green GDP 1.0 and 2.0,based on the accounting theory,and in regard to the increasingly strict ecological environment policies,this paper gives the hypothesis that the pollutant is innocuously treated by enterprises the moment they are produced.Based on the hypothesis,the paper construct a Green GDP accounting theoretical framework of which the input-output relationship is relatively clear.The main practices are as follows: 1.Expand the accounting scope by introducing the resources and environment department;2.Restructuring the input-output relationship by regarding resource depletion and public environmental expenditure as inputs and environmental pollution as negative output;3.Considering environment improvement and put it as a factor of environment pollution;4.Treat resource and pollutant prices as endogenous variable to overcome the problems caused by exogenous price.Second,reconstruct the physical accounting method of Green GDP.The paper constructs a unified physical accounting unit--Resource and Environmental Quantity Index.The main practices are: 1.Constructs the resource depletion index and adopts the latest research results to improve the ecological footprint method so as to overcome the limitations in measuring the mineral resources depletion of existing methods and make fossil energy and mineral resources included in the accounting scope.Thus,based on the main resource types in Shanxi Province,the paper constructs the resource depletion index by making the ecological footprint as a factor.2.Calculates the pollutant emissions with major pollutants monitoring data,products output of industrial enterprises above designed size and the production and discharge coefficient and put weights on the 25 kinds of environmental pollutants by adopting the empirical judgment method and the entropy weight method.Meanwhile,considering the environmental improvement factor,this article constructs the environmental improvement factor with afforestation area and solid waste comprehensive utilization amount.With the factor,the construction of an environmental pollution index which can reflect the environmental improvement is realized.Third,the paper reconstructs the value accounting method of Green GDP.The main practices are: 1.Derive the shadow price formula of resource depletion index on the basis of the energy distance function and Lagrange principle.The resource depletion index,as a new input,are taken into the beyond-logarithmic energy distance function along with the capital,labor and output indexes.Then,the paper gets the shadow price of resource depletion index by adopting the parametric linear programming method.2.Derive the shadow price formula of environmental pollution index on the basis of the duality of directional output distance function and profit function.With resource depletion index,capital and labor as inputs,environmental pollution index as negative output,gross industrial output as positive output and adopting the quadratic directional output distance function,the paper obtains the shadow price of environmental pollution index by using parameter linear programming technique.3.The shadow price obtained is the price under the optimal condition.This article adjusts the price with the non-efficiency factor,and further adjusts it by the Producer Price of Industrial Products and the industrial value added rate.Finally,the paper get the actual market price that can be used to adjust GDP directly.Fourth,applying the data of Shanxi Province,the paper carries the empirical exploration of Green GDP under the accounting framework and methods built above.The paper collects the data of natural resources,environmental pollution,afforestation,industrial production and benefits in Shanxi province,builds and values the resource and environmental volume index,calculates resources depletion input,negative output of environmental pollution and public environmental protection input and accounts the Green GDP of Shanxi and all its cities from 2004 to 2017.Compared with the related research and taking the actual situation into consideration,the resource depletion index,environmental pollution index,the shadow prices of the two indexes and the Green GDP calculated based on them can well reflect the changes of the ecological environment policies and the achievements of green development in Shanxi Province.The innovations in the dissertation: First,it reconstructs the theoretical framework of Green GDP accounting.Compared with the existing researches,the paper introduces the “negative output” concept,reconstructs the input and output indexes,in line with the balance principles and input-output consistency principle,and get the Green GDP index which can reflect the effect of environment protection by accounting resource input and environment pollution from an angle of flow.Second,this paper introduces the index method into Green GDP accounting.Compared with the existing framework which accounts the subentry fragmentally,the index method makes the accounting scope comprehensive and flexible,so that the new resource and new pollutant can be easily included in the indexes,the results of accounting are more steady.Third,this paper introduces the distance function into Green GDP accounting by using the energy distance function to solve the shadow price of resource depletion index,and the directional output distance function to solve the shadow price of pollutants.The advantage of shadow price is that it can reflect the scarcity of resources and environmental services,and the directional distance function is suitable for solving the problem of negative output.So,the accounting method and the theoretical framework in this paper are consistent with each other.Fourth,the innovation about the data.1.This paper collects the output of major industrial products(506 kinds of products)at the provincial and municipal level for 14 years.Based on the data,the paper calculates resource depletion and environmental pollution including 10 kinds of resources and 25 kinds of pollutants,the accounting scope of which is obviously larger than that in the other relevant studies;2.This paper uses enterprise data,which is more subdivided than that in other studies.After sorting the published researches in China,Current research on green accounting and shadow price uses the total industrial output of mining enterprises which includes the output of their non-mining business,we found none of the researches using more subdivided enterprise data in the calculation of resource depletion and Green GDP accounting.This paper uses enterprise data,which is more subdivided than that in other studies.Under the background of diversified development of enterprises,it is more accurate to measure the output of mining industry and the value of resources by using the output value of the mining industry of all enterprises rather than the total output value of mining enterprises.3.All the indicators in this paper are summarized by the same enterprise data,which can improve the accuracy of valuation and accounting.