Regional Economic Welfare

Social welfare includes economic welfare and non-economic welfare,refers to all funds,services,systems and measures that can improve the quality of life of residents,includes both material and spiritual,referred to as welfare.Economic welfare usually refers to the welfare corresponding to "objective things" that can be linked to money,while non-economic welfare usually refers to the part of the welfare that cannot be linked to money.This paper focuses on the regional economic welfare in China.Due to the differences in resource endowment and location advantage,the development of economic welfare in different regions of China is extremely unbalanced,but excessive regional economic welfare differences will cause a large number of migratory population,low welfare areas become "industrial wasteland",high welfare area fuel inflation and a series of social problems.General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly pointed out the need to implement the strategy of regional coordinated development in the report of the 19 th national congress.The CPC central committee and the state council issued the opinions on?establishing a more effective new mechanism for regional coordinated development? in November 2018.Under the background of this new era,it is of great theoretical and practical significance to calculate regional economic welfare,calculate the difference between regions,and find out how to narrow the gap of regional economic welfare and realize the balanced development of regions.Based on the existing theory and practice of national economic accounting,this paper constructs an index system of economic welfare accounting suitable for China's national conditions,CEWI,with the help of objective and accurate large sample data.It calculates the economic welfare level of 30 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government,except Tibet,Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan)in 2007-2016,and also calculates the per capita economic welfare in the past 10 years.The changing trend and difference of welfare are measured and evaluated comprehensively and systematically,and the different situations,backgrounds,processes and causes of the distribution pattern of economic welfare in different regions of China are fully and thoroughly analyzed.On this basis,the path choice of realizing coordinated,green and balanced development of regional economic welfare in China is put forward.Under the new situation,the region can provide reference for formulating local development strategies.The research content of this paper consists of four parts:The first part consists of three chapters: introduction,literature review and related basic theories.The content mainly explains the background and significance of this research;literature research status of economic welfare at home and abroad;the connotation of welfare,economic welfare and regional economic welfare,and the relationship between economic welfare and economic growth,national income,personal consumption,public goods,resources and environment;regional economic welfare balanced development and unbalanced development and other related theories.The second part is the fourth and fifth chapters.The main content is based on the large amount of actual data of 30 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government,except Tibet,Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan)in China,combined with China's national conditions,to construct the economic welfare accounting index system CEWI,it can measure residents' current welfare and sustainable welfare,including residents' weighted consumption,public finance expenditure,unpaid domestic labor,private defensive expenditure,net capital growth resource and environment consumption six secondary indicators,including the personal welfare expenditure,income distribution inequality,durable consumer goods income,commuting costs,social unfair factor costs and other 14 three-level indicators.And the accounting analysis of the urban and rural economic welfare level of 30 provinces and cities in China from 2007 to 2016.The third part is the sixth and seventh chapters.The main content is to measure and evaluate the changing trend and difference of per capita economic welfare in urban and rural areas,towns and villages of 30 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government,except Tibet,Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan)in 2007-2016,and to analyze objectively,fully and thoroughly the distribution pattern,situation and background of economic welfare in different regions of China.With the process,we can fully and accurately reveal the actual situation of China's regional economic welfare and its differences,and analyze the causes of formation of regional economic welfare differences in terms of overall,consumption,public financial expenditure,private defensive expenditure and resources and environment.The fourth part is the eighth chapter.The main content is to explore the path selection and countermeasures for eliminating excessive differences in regional economic welfare and realizing balanced development of regional economic welfare under the background of implementation of regional coordinated development strategy.Main conclusions of this paper:(1)From 2007 to 2016,the economic welfare of urban and rural residents in China's 30 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government,excluding Tibet,Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan)grew steadily,and the total amount of regional economic welfare and per capita economic welfare increased steadily.The average level of the total economic welfare of all provinces and cities increased by 178% from 690 billion yuan in 2007 to 1920.1 billion yuan in 2016.The average economic welfare of each province increased from 16853 yuan in 2007 to 42698 yuan in 2016,an increase of 153%.The mean per capita economic welfare of cities and towns in all provinces increased from 29132 yuan in 2007 to 61666 yuan in 2016.The mean per capita economic welfare in all provinces and cities increased from 6675 yuan in 2007 to 14588 yuan in 2016.The material living conditions of urban and rural residents have been greatly improved.(2)From 2007 to 2016,the total amount of regional urban and rural economic welfare and the per capita pattern of urban and rural economic welfare have taken place change,and there was a big difference between provinces.Some provinces showed significant declines,such as Liaoning,Heilongjiang,Shanxi and Hebei.At the same time,some provinces showed a significant increase,such as Hubei,Hainan,Ningxia and other provinces.The top four provinces and cities in total economic welfare in 2016 are Guangdong,Jiangsu,Shandong and Zhejiang,the last four provinces and cities are: Gansu,Hainan,Ningxia,and Qinghai.Per capita economic welfare of the top four provinces and cities in the order: Shanghai,Beijing,Tianjin and Zhejiang,Hubei,the last four provinces and cities are: Anhui,Hebei,Gansu,and Shanxi.(3)From 2007 to 2016,the per capita weighted consumption of urban and rural residents,per capita income from public products and per capita private defensive expenditure in 30 provinces and cities in China increased steadily,showing strong regularity and little change in order from year to year.Residents in Shanghai,Beijing,Tianjin and Zhejiang have the strongest consumption capacity,while those in Qinghai,Yunnan,Gansu and Guizhou have the weakest.Beijing,Shanghai,Tianjin and Qinghai have the most public goods per capita,while Guangxi,Hebei,Henan and Hunan have the least.Shanghai,Beijing,Zhejiang and Tianjin spend the most per capita on defensive private spending,followed by Anhui,Shanxi,Gansu and Guizhou.From 2007 to 2016,per capita resource and environment loss cost showed an inverted u-shaped trend and the 10 trend curves showed similar trends.The provinces and cities with the most loss were Inner Mongolia,Ningxia,Tianjin and Shanghai,and the provinces and cities with the least loss were Yunnan,Anhui,Guangxi and Jiangxi,respectively.Per capita net capital growth in various provinces and cities showed uncertainty over the years;this was related to population mobility and capital increase.(4)From 2007 to 2016,the absolute difference in per capita economic welfare of the region keeps increasing,while the relative difference keeps decreasing,and the overall gap is larger.Regional differences in consumption,differences in public products and differences in private defensive expenditures all showed increasing absolute differences and decreasing relative differences.The regional differences in net capital growth and resource and environment consumption all showed absolute differences first increasing and then decreasing,while the relative differences slowly decreased.From 2007 to 2016 the absolute difference in per capita economic welfare of regional cities and towns was constantly expanding,and the relative difference did not show an obvious trend of decline or rise.The absolute difference between urban and rural areas and rural per capita economic welfare has been expanding,while the relative difference has been slightly reduced.The per capita economic welfare of urban and rural overall areas,urban and rural of all provinces and cities has a strong spatial positive correlation.The economic welfare of eastern coastal areas is relatively high,while the economic welfare of central and western regions is relatively low.Regional economic welfare between urban and rural difference is the largest.(5)Differences in policy orientation,location factors,resource endowment,local government financial capacity and central government transfer payment are the main reasons for the overall differences in regional economic welfare in China.The differences in income,consumption habits and consumption concepts are the main reasons for the differences in consumption in provinces and cities.The difference of local financial capacity,central transfer payment and population are the main reasons of the difference of public financial expenditure income of provinces and cities.The differences in per capita income,city size,living cost and consumption habits are the main reasons for the differences in private defensive expenditure in provinces and cities.Natural conditions,proportion of tertiary industries and industrial layout are the main reasons for the differences in resources and environment among provinces and cities.(6)The paths to realize balanced development of regional economic welfare are as follows: promoting balanced growth of regional economy,improving supply of public goods,equalizing public services,narrowing income distribution gap among residents,accelerating urbanization process in backward areas,promoting balanced development of education,strengthening regional open cooperation,and cultivating cities in low-welfare provinces.We should cultivate growth poles,improve the ecological environment and promote the harmonious coexistence of man and nature.The paper has some innovations in the following three aspects: first,the topic innovation.Studying on the accounting,difference and balanced development of regional economic welfare,and the scope of the study is defined as economic welfare that could be measured in monetary terms.Second,research perspective innovation.The economic welfare is measured from the perspective of regional difference,and the overall economic welfare of cities,towns,villages and regions are accounted separately,and calculated the difference of economic welfare between urban and rural areas.Third,method innovation.(1)Based on SNA's GDP accounting theory,combined with China's national conditions and the availability of data,an accounting index system CEWI is constructed,which includes the current welfare and sustainable welfare.Under the realistic conditions of incomplete data,overcoming many difficulties and firstly calculate the total weighted consumption,and public finance of cities,towns,villages and regions in all provinces(autonomous regions,municipalities directly under the Central Government,except Tibet,except Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan).The specific values of expenditure,private defensive expenditure,unpaid housework,net capital growth and resource and environment depletion are calculated.Finally,the total regional economic welfare and per capita economic welfare of the regional towns,villages and regions are calculated.(2)Estimate the capital stock of cities,towns,villages and regions in the provinces and cities from 1978 to 2016 by using the method of sustainable inventory(PIM);estimate the unpaid labor value of urban and rural residents in the provinces and cities from 2007 to 2016 by using the method of industry substitution and opportunity cost respectively;and use the method of cost evaluation to estimate the consumption of resources and environment in the provinces and cities from 2007 to 2016.The total cost is the sum of the actual cost and the virtual cost.The value loss of air pollution is estimated by the modified cost coefficient method.(3)Estimate the urban and rural GDP of each province from 2007 to 2016.(4)Use the "regional gini coefficient" to measure the difference in regional economic welfare,regional consumption,public financial expenditure,private defensive expenditure,net capital growth and resource and environmental consumption.Fourth,innovation of research perspective,this paper puts forward eight basic paths for the balanced development of regional economic welfare.