| With the comprehensive promotion of system reform and economic development,the urban-rural relationship transformation,from a divided,antagonistic,and disorted to an unified and integrated new relationship has been a gerneral trend.However,due to the long-term accumulation of such deficiencies,the mismatches between human and land still exist in urban and rural areas.The unbalanced development between urban and rual system,and the underdevelopment of rural areas are the main contradictions in present.Past experience shows that,granting the rural collective land the same rights as the state land,and establishing an unified urban and rural construction land market,is an important institutional choice for optimizing the allocation of urban and rural resources,as well as complementing the shortcomings in rural development.China nowadays is in a new development stage,which meant to slow down the development rate,while ensuring a high quality.The strong connection and interaction among population,land,funds,and other elements,which drive the relationship,environment,and development goals between urban and rural system has changed profoundly.The past experience is referable but not fully applicable to the new development stage.As a core task and critical step for Chongqing to explore the urban-rural relationship transformation,the land coupon transaction opens up a remote coupling of human-land elements between urban and rural areas,which has typical representations and reproducibility in less developed regions.This study established a system linkage interface for population,land,and funds between urban and rural systems based on the knowledge of land resources and land economics,and theoretically revealed the linkage mechanisms between the land coupon trading system and urban-rural integration in Chongqing.By combining the actual conditions and targets required in urban-rural integration in Chongqing,the study investigated the temporal characteristics of the content and evolution of the land coupon trading policy from a perspective of time.Meanwhile,it studied the spatial alienation from the land coupon supply-demand market,evaluated the results implementing the revenue sharing policy of land coupon transactions from the farmer's perspective,and reviewed the risks of the land coupon system by combing the requirements demanded by urban-rural integration and development.The research results are as follows:(1)Theoretically,the land coupon trading and the urban-rural integrated development are significantly connected.The coupling relationship can be established temporally,spatially,and organizationally.From “divide” point of view,the essence of urban-rural integrated development is to eliminate the resistance factors in urban-rural interaction,while still give consideration to the construction of an element-mobile system,optimization of spatial allocation in resources,and comprehensive developing goals for both urban and rural residents.The land coupon trading system contains several theoretical implications including the value manifestation on right transformation of land development,optimal allocation of spatial resources,and price of land and the renting.It stimulated the remote coupling of population,land,and funds between urban and rural systems applying marketization mechanism.From “combine” point of view,the land coupon trading system and the urban-rural integrated development hold a significant and multi-dimensional relationship,which is temporally evolved,spatially coupled,and in line with the goal of urban-rural development.It has a theoretical foundation of deep connection,elements and medium of the coupling and linkage,as well as a path for the joint strength.(2)With the increase in regional population mobility in Chongqing,the mismatching of population and land still exist in some districts.Some rural communities even appear with a new trend,which the land increase with the growing of population.Based on the data of population and land usage in cities,districts,and rural communities,by studying the elastic coefficient of population,land usage changes,scale variance analysis,and the typical sample analysis,it showed that,the current mobility of population and land between urban and rural system has been slowed down.Urbanization of the rights in land development continues to increase in land transformation between urban and rural system.In 2018,the usage of land coupon accounted for 25.5% of the newly added urban construction land.From 2008 to 2018,the elasticity coefficient of urban land usage increased from 0.58 to 0.95,and the imbalance between population and urban-rural migration rate lagging behind the conversion rate of land and urban-rural transition has been eased.When scaling out with the main urban area as the core,forming a “circle-periphery” structure which the coordination of population and land transformation between urban and rural system gradually decrease,the decoupling of population-land growth still exists in spatial units.In rural areas,the uncoordinated units,which contain both the increased land and decreased population still exist.In southeast and northeast areas of Chongqing,where have significant advantages of climatic and tourism conditions,the population appear to increase with the increase in land.(3)The content composition,evolution in development,and the execution characteristics of the land coupon transaction policy indicates that,it has adapted to the logic of evolution in urban-rural relationship,and is more applicable in less developed regions.Based on the quantitative analysis and evaluation of texts from 43 land ticket transaction policies,it was found that,the strength level of the released text on land coupon transaction policy was relatively close in terms of content characteristics.The highest emphasis was placed on the reclamation goals,and the control,incentives and the guidance were comprehensively applied as tools.Regarding the stage properties,in the initial formation stage of the land coupon transaction(2008-2010),the central and the local government of Chongqing interacted closely,to establish a relatively completed policy system within a short time.However,it also led to an inefficient inter-linkage between the central and local government,as well as insufficient feedback to the demands of farmers.In the stage of improving the land coupon transaction(2011-2016),the horizontal linkage between the local government departments were strengthened,and the comprehensive usage of control,incentives and other means contributed to an efficient implementation in “Chongqing City-District-Township” and vertically integration of the policy.From 2017,the function of the land coupon transaction has expanded to various aspects like ecological restoration,poverty alleviation,and applied transformation along the development.Compared with the characteristics of access condition,transaction path,market price,and the profit distribution of the collective-operated construction land market,it was found that,the land coupon transactions are more applicable in less developed regions,with higher compatibility in urban-rural integrated development.(4)The trends of inflow,outflow of the regional land coupon trades is consistent with the regional population inflow in urban,and population outflow in rural areas.Based on the land reclamation production and land usage data,by using various methods including center of gravity migration,location Gini coefficient,hotspot analysis,and spatial overlap analysis,it was found that,65.25% of the land coupon usage was distributed in the main city from 2009-2018,and the Gini coefficient of the land usage scale decreased from 0.9734 to 0.7557.The center of the land coupon usage was concentrated in the main urban regions,but moved 35 km to the northeast.The core usage of the land coupon in the main urban regions is decreasing,while a new type of the land coupon is forming in the peripheral areas.The northeast and southeast part of Chongqing have also developed from a single land coupon core,into an out-put based composite areas with purchasing function.The northeast and southeast accounted for 48.24% and 22.79% of the total land reclamation production of Chongqing,respectively.The land reclamation production hotspot frequently appeared in the northeast and southeast of Chongqing,while the west part showed intermittent and explosive output.The land usage was consistent with the spatial trend of population inflow in urban regions.However,the differentiated land policies in recent years have encouraged the economically underdeveloped regions to use the land coupon actively,which leading to a misalignment in inflow between the land coupon and urban population.(5)The primary implementors caused a deviation between the intention in design and effect in execution in the land coupon transaction,which hence reduced the level of satisfaction from reclaimed farmers.Based on the suggestions from the reclaiming farmer's complains,this study used qualitative analysis paradigm of grounded theory,and applied three-level open source and selective coding.It was found that,most of the farmers were more concerned about the short-term effects of the one-time direct income in the land coupon transactions.The cognition of farmers on the land coupon policy,and the market expectations formed the evaluation criteria for farmers' satisfaction in the market,is the prerequisite for the formation of the satisfaction.The key factors affecting the farmers' income and the timeliness of income,which associated with project progress,allocation standards and the area determination in the participation process,are the core factors forming the satisfaction of farmers.Deviations in the implementation procedures of the primary government can intensify the satisfaction.Effective feedbacks channels play a regulatory role,while poor attitudes and long-term feedback towards the farmers' complains can intensify the dissatisfaction.(6)The risk source of the current land coupon trading system can act on various sub-target systems of urban-rural integrated development through interference,restraint,proliferation,and infringement.The potential risks should be dealt with based on the goal of urban-rural integrated development.By combining the literature review and suggestions from experts,this study used the method of ordinal analysis,followed by recognizing the risks of land coupon transaction.It reflected 47 basic risk points from the current transaction,onto the targeting system of the urban-rural integrated development,and classified into 5 factors.Based on the impact,the factors were sorted as follows: the disorder of the quantity and quality of the retreat space > lack of fairness in transaction process > the uncontrollable of the overuse of the land coupon in landing areas > the damage of farmer's both long-term and short-term profit > the unfairness in the coupon price.The previous studies stated that the risks of price control in land coupon transaction is under control,and that of the farmer rights in terms of protection is alleviated.Nevertheless,attention also should be paid to the problem of the quantity and quality of cultivated land for reclamation and production,as well as the imbalance of resource allocation in the usage and production areas.In order to effectively cope with the mentioned risks,it is necessary to redesign the land coupon trading system,strengthen the government behavioral constraints and responsibilities,and enhance the ability of landowners in participating the transaction,consider the control measures comprehensively based on efficiency improvement,cost reduction,and risk prevention strengthen.In summary,the land coupon trading system activates the long-distance coupling of population,land and capital elements between urban and rural areas.This system is an important channel used to promote the development of urban-rural integration.The transformation characteristics of the flow of people and land factors show that the urban-rural relationship in Chongqing is undergoing an important transformation;the formation and evaluation of the effectiveness of the land coupon trading policy should consider the initial social and economic conditions that existed when the land ticket trading policy was formulated.In addition,the future development and perfection of the land ticket trading policy should be consistent with the trend of urban-rural relations.From the perspective of achieving the goal of urban-rural integration and development,it is found that the land ticket trading system still needs to be perfected in terms of system construction,resource allocation and income sharing.The future development of the land ticket trading system has opportunities arising from the change of the institutional environment,the change of development level and the enhancement of the development power of the countryside.However,future development also faces the challenge of the transformation of the land management system reform.It is necessary to redesign the land ticket trading system,strengthen the restriction and responsibility of government behavior,re-enhance the ability of land rights holders to participate in the transaction,and strengthen the prevention and control measures.This can be done by taking into account the reduction in efficiency,loss reduction and cost control. |
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