| In the new period and new stage,industrial development is undergoing the dual transformation process of spatial restructuring and structural optimization in China.The spatial patterns and performance of industrial land could directly affect the sustainable development of economy and society.Hence,there is an urgent need to conduct a comprehensive study on the spatiotemporal evolution and performance level of industrial land to provide references for industrial land management and industrial upgrading.In view of rapid changes in industrial structure and spatial layout,yet the traditional industrial land investigation and assessment are still difficult to timely seize changes,the objectivity and reliability are also difficult to guarantee.Therefore,this research selected Hangzhou-Shaoxing-Ningbo Economic Belt(HSNEB)which located in the southeastern coast of China as the study area,based on high-resolution remote sensing(RS)images and point of interest(POI),an integrated methodology for monitoring industrial land change and identifying industrial structure was proposed by using RS,geographic information system(GIS),natural language processing(NLP)and machine learning(ML),and the spatiotemporal evolution of industrial land from 2005 to 2018 was further explored.Then the evolution performance of regional industrial land at macro-scale was analyzed,after that,an industrial land performance assessment method at micro-scale was proposed to measure the comprehensive performance level of industrial land at a fine parcel level.The performance discrepancies of different industrial economic development zones(IEDZs)and multiple industries were also analyzed.A comprehensive and objective methodology for monitoring and assessing the status of industrial land use was established and applied in HSNEB,and targeted improvement measures were also put forward.The main contents and conclusions of the research are as follows:(1)Based on the synthesized advantages that RS technology is capable of monitoring the spatiotemporal changes of built-up land while POI can dynamically reflect diverse urban function information,multi-temporal high-resolution RS images and POI were used as main data sources to extract the industrial land change information including expansion and regeneration in HSNEB from 2005 to 2018 firstly.Then the textural names of enterprises were fully mined by NLP technique,including Chinese word segmentation,word vectorization and TF-IDF feature extraction.ML algorithms were employed to establish a text classification model and support vector machine(SVM)based model was finally selected to predict and identify the industrial structure in HSNEB from 2005 to 2018 as its best performance.The overall accuracy was 82.8%,which indicates that our proposed method is effective and able to identify different industrial land use types.Meanwhile,with the aid of POI such as residential communities,hotels,administrative agencies and parks,etc.,the regeneration types after industrial land elimination were also tracked.The research has initially established an integrated methodology to monitor industrial land changes and identify industrial structure,thereby contributing to timely and efficient industrial land investigation and assessment.(2)The spatiotemporal evolution of industrial land expansion process in HSNEB were characterized based on industrial land expansion and industrial structure information in 2005-2018.The results are as follows:(1)Industrial land expansion mode has changed from rapid expansion to controlled expansion,the area of newly added industrial land was 16051.1 ha in 2005-2009 and 26770.1 ha in 2009-2014,respectively,and then fell to only 7040.4 ha in 2014-2018.(2)Significant agglomeration development was observed,78.2% of the newly expanded industrial land have be located within different IEDZs from 2005 to 2018.Among the national IEDZs,the area of industrial land expansion in Ningbo Hangzhou Bay Economic and Technological Development Zone was 2162.7 and ranked the first.The expanded area of provincial IEDZs varied greatly.Among them,the industrial land of Zhejiang Shaoxing Coastal Industrial Park,Hangzhou Bay Shangyu Economic and Technological Development Zone,Zhejiang Cixi Coastal Economic Development Zone and Zhejiang Yuyao Economic Development Zone had increased greatly.IEDZs at municipal level or below have the characteristics of large number and small scale.The industrial expansion mainly occurred in Xiaoshan,Beilun,Zhenhai and Cixi.(3)The industrial structure of industrial land transfer has been gradually changed.The proportion of food and light textile industry and raw material industry had declined,while the proportion of modern manufacturing had increased.The average annual growth rate of high-tech industry was generally high,indicating high-tech industry has been an essential developing area of cities.(3)The spatiotemporal evolution of industrial land regeneration process in HSNEB was analyzed by using industrial land regeneration information.The results are as follows:(1)The elimination of industrial land was continuously conducted,and the area of eliminated industrial land increased from 685.6 ha in 2005-2009 to 2851.9 ha in 2014-2018.In the earlier time,eliminated industrial land were mainly distributed in the city core,such as Jianggan District,Xiacheng District,Gongshu District and Shangcheng District of Hangzhou,Sanjiangkou of Ningbo,and Yuecheng District and Keqiao District of Shaoxing.With the measures of "cleaning the cages for bird" and "three regenerations and one demolition" initiatively being carried out in Zhejiang,the process of industrial land elimination gradually spread to core areas of counties.(2)During the period of 2005 and 2018,residential land was the dominant regeneration type with the proportion of 36.4% due to its advantages of high short-term pay back and fast return of funds.secondly,industrial land was converted into transportation land and commercial land,with the proportion of 12.8 % and 12.1%,respectively.The proportion of parks and green space,and ecological land occupied only 3.6% and 6.3%,respectively.(4)We further explored the performance evolution of regional industrial land during 2005 and 2018 at macro-scale based on industrial land information and socio-economic statistics.The results are as follows:(1)With the implementation of both the supply reduction project of built-up land and the regeneration project of stock built-up land,the ratio of industrial land to built-up land has been effectively controlled.The ratio of industrial land in Hangzhou and Ningbo declined in 2014-2018.(2)The economic performance analysis showed that the industrial output value per mu of HSNEB increased significantly in 2005-2014 but declined in 2014-2018,particularly,the industrial output value per mu of Shaoxing decreased 32% in 2014-2018.The possible reason is that with the implementation of traditional industry upgrading,the promotion measures such as reduction of pollutants reduction,backward production capacity elimination and enterprise relocation have led to the reduction of production capacity and output.Meanwhile,the industrial output value per mu of Binjiang,Shangcheng and Jianggan of Hangzhou during 2005-2018 increased significantly.This is because that Hangzhou has focused on developing electronic information industries such as cloud computing,big data and video security recent years,these industries have the characteristics of high added value,advanced technology,low pollution and low land use intensity and have effectively improved the economic benefits.(3)The energy consumption analysis showed that electricity consumption in most regions decreased,indicating energy conservation and consumption reduction have achieved notable effects.(5)We established a four-dimension "economic-social-ecological-structural" industrial land performance assessment index system,then employed multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method to assess industrial land performance at a fine parcel level,the performance discrepancies of different IEDZs and multiple industries were also analyzed to comprehensively and objectively reflect the current status of industrial land use.The results are as follows:(1)The comprehensive performance of industrial land was uneven in 2018.The area of industrial land with first-level comprehensive performance only occupied 13.3% and the area of industrial land with second-level comprehensive performance accounted for 28.5%.,implying the performance level of industrial land in HSNEB should be further promoted.(2)The comparative analysis of national and provincial IEDZs found that among the national IEDZs,Ningbo Meishan Bonded Port achieved the highest score,followed by Hangzhou High-tech Industrial Development Zone,Shaoxing Keqiao Economic and Technological Development Zone,Hangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone and Ningbo Export Processing Zone,while Ningbo Petrochemical Economic and Technological Development Zone showed the lowest performance.Among the provincial IEDZs,Zhejiang Shengzhou Economic Development Zone achieved the highest score,followed by Qianjin Industrial Park,Zhejiang Yuyao Industrial Park,Zhejiang Shaoxing Coastal Industrial Park and Xinchang High-tech Industrial Development Zone,while Ningbo Wangchun Industrial Park was the lowest.(3)The comparative analysis of multiple industries found that electronic information industry achieved the highest score,followed by automobile manufacturing and pharmaceutical manufacturing,indicating that these industries have developed more balanced in terms of economy,society,ecology and land use structure,while paper and printing industry was lowest.(6)Compared with international metropolises,several limitations still exist in terms of industrial land development in HSNEB,for instance,the total area and ratio of industrial land was both higher than developed metropolises;the number of IEDZs at municipal level or below was large,but the size of each IEDZ was small and the layout was scattered;the overall performance of industrial land was low and uneven;moreover,the performance of multiple industries were uneven as well.In view of abovementioned limitations,suggestions have been proposed,including conducting industrial land reduction,promoting cluster development of industrial land and accelerating industrial structure optimization. |
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