Research On Energy Security,energy Efficiency And Economic-environmental Performance In South Asia

The fossil fuel energy has significant effect on the energy security.The oil supply security has been considered to be an important aspect of energy security because the first oil crisis caused serious damage to most countries’ economies.There has been a rising concern about energy security and the associated issues of energy security caused by oil supply disruption.Energy security decisions,energy efficiency and environmental performance at the micro and macro levels have a direct impact on the national and regional levels.Hence this thesis study on measuring energy security,energy efficiency and environmental performance as well as the renewable energy to strengthen the energy trilemma of South Asia region.First,the measured energy security is measured in terms of measuring an index of oil supply vulnerability to compare the world’s top fifteen oil importing countries with South Asian countries.The energy security index includes comprehensive set of indicators like imported oil over GDP ratio,market liquidity,geopolitical risk,GDP per capita,diversification,the ratio of oil importation over consumption,transportation risk,oil price volatility and US$ volatility.Two popular techniques(composite indicator(CI)and the principal component analysis(PCA))were used to combine all the aforesaid indicators.Although numerous techniques have been used to assess the oil vulnerability index,for example DEA like models and Markowitz theory of portfolio,none of them incorporated the principal component analysis and composite indicator together to develop an oil vulnerability index.Results shows that the South Asian countries have highest economic,supply and overall oil vulnerability risk whereas the second group countries which are Belgium,Thailand,Spain,Netherlands,Japan,Korea and China are in a relatively less risky compared to South Asian countries.On the contrary,the third group countries who are Canada,Singapore,UK,and France,Italy,Germany and US are considered as a least vulnerable country.Secondly,in order to measuring energy efficiency,similar to energy security index we measure the energy efficiency and environmental performance of South Asia by the common weight DEA-Like composite indicator.To measure the energy efficiency and environmental performance the index-based mist relevant and comprehensive set of indicators are used.The results reveal that the energy efficiency and environmental performance in Bhutan is best,and the energy efficiency and environmental performance in Pakistan shows a decreasing trend while the energy efficiency and environmental performance in Sri Lanka and India perform satisfactorily;remarkably the energy efficiency and environmental performance in Bangladesh,Nepal and Afghanistan show a decreasing trend.Based on findings the policy is proposed that boosts up cross border trade of renewable energy for the long term energy efficiency and environmental performance.Thirdly,energy security and environmental measurements are incomplete without energy efficiency therefore there is a dire need to measure energy efficiency.In order to meet the national demand of energy policies the reduction of carbon emission has become one of the fundamental tasks for developing countries due to growing concern of global warming.This chapter focuses on the measure of the primary energy consumption(PEC),carbon emission and economic-environmental efficiency in terms of environmental performance by the slack-based DEA model.The results show that energy efficiency of Australia,China,Japan,Saudi Arabia and Poland are considered as best performer countries whereas Mexico,Indonesia,Russia and Brazil are identified as least efficient among all selected countries.Furthermore Russia’s energy intensity has maximum score while Poland have minimum score.In addition,in the case of CO2 emission efficiency,Brazil,France,and Saudi Arabia are considered as efficient while nine country’s scores were less than 0.5.The results show that most countries exhibit higher performance in economic efficiency than environmental efficiency.Finally,its mutually agreed consensus of the environmental scientist that integration of renewable energy so as to ensure the supply of the uninterrupted clean and green energy is the way forward to increase energy security and environmental performance.Therefore in this chapter a new hybrid mathematical model is developed,which combines wind-speed range with the log law to derive the potential wind energy to produce hydrogen in Pakistan.Furthermore,the commercially viable hydrogen production capacity in all locations have been found in Pakistan.All sites considered had the potential to produce an excess amount of wind-generated renewable hydrogen.Pakistan could produce 51,917,000.39 kg of renewable hydrogen per day if the country’s total capacity for wind power was utilized.Based on our results the cars and other forms of transport could use hydrogen to conserve oil and gas resources,which can reduce the energy shortfall and contribute to the fight against climate change and global warming.Also,hydrogen could be used to supplement urban energy needs.