Ecological Mechanism Of Ecoregion Difference Of Medicinal Ingredients In Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is a member of Labiaceae plant,has strong ecological adaptability,widely distributed in China.The differences of ecological conditions,provenances or planting technique shave led to the quality diversity of S.miltiorrhiza.In order to reveal the ecological mechanism of spatial difference of medicinal ingredients in S.miltiorrhiza,the research had carried on the system experiments in three levels.(1)We transplanted the same variety seedlings to multiple ecological regions in different geographic space areas in China,systematically compared the differences and formation mechanisms of root morphological characteristics and medicinal ingredients accumulation of S.miltiorrhiza in different regions,and found out the main ecological factors through the correlation analysis between each factor.(2)We revealed the regulation mechanisms of the temperature and light factors influenced root morphological characteristics and medicinal ingredients accumulation of S.miltiorrhiza through the pot experiment.(3)We selected six cultivated species of S.miltiorrhiza from different sources to transplant in two typical climatic regions located in the south and north of Qinling Mountains.After systematic analysis,some definite conclusions were obtained.This study systematically elucidated the influencing mechanism of the quality difference of S.miltiorrhiza from the viewpoint of ecology.It clarified the environmental plasticity characteristics of S.miltiorrhiza roots.It has great significance for guiding the precise cultivation and production areas layout of S.miltiorrhiza in China.1.The conclusion was found in the analysis and experiments of the same variety seedlings of S.miltiorrhiza in several producing area in China.The content and proportion of active components in S.miltiorrhiza roots and the morphological index of roots were significantly different from each other in different producing areas.The correlations between the medicinal ingredients and root morphology indexes were clarified.The change of the quality ratio of different diameter roots in the total root system not only led to the difference of root morphological composition,but also was highly correlated with the content and proportion of active components in the whole root system.2.The planting experiment of the same variety of S.miltiorrhiza in Shaanxi Province produced these conclusions.The analysis and discussion were separately carried out from the total root system and 0.3-0.6 cm diameter root.The content of phenolic acids in the root showed a high-low-high tendency from the south to the north in Shaanxi Province.The content of tanshinones reduced significantly with the increasing latitude.Based on comprehensive analysis,ranked of climate impact factors on the content of medicinal ingredients of S.miltiorrhiza were air relative humidity > water vapor pressure > cumulative sunshine hours > diurnal temperature difference > annual average temperature,etc.The main restrictive climate factors were average ground temperature(0-20 cm),annual accumulated temperature,annual average accumulated temperature and vapor pressure which affected the yield of S.miltiorrhiza.Compared with temperature and water conditions,S.miltiorrhiza has not strict requirement for sunshine condition.3.The results of transplantation experiment with the same variety seedlings of S.miltiorrhiza in the north and south of China by latitudinal gradient showed the following conclusions.The root morphology and active components of S.miltiorrhiza had different correlation and response regularity with climate factors and soil factors in the east and west of China,and showed obvious rules with the change of latitude and longitude.The root dry weight per plant,root number and root diameter showed obvious advantages in the middle of latitude range regions.The values of eastern mid-latitude sites were higher than that of the western sites on approximate latitude.The content,proportion and yield of the two kinds of medicinal ingredients showed specific spatial distribution characteristics.The value of total phenolic acids/total tanshinones decreased with the latitude gradient decrease,but moderated in mid-latitude sites.4.Root growth of S.miltiorrhiza was inhibited by too much sunshine.Compared with low light,the low temperature had more restrictive effects on root growth and active component accumulation of S.miltiorrhiza.At the angle of the whole test area,tanshinones had higher correlation with temperature and sunshine,phenolic acids had higher correlation with water.The effect of ecological factors on the content and proportion of tanshinones was stronger than that of phenolic acids.Synthesis accumulation of tanshione?A had less stress tolerance than cryptotanshinone to the extreme conditions,such as high or low temperatures and too much sunshine.Adversity had opposite regulative rule to them.Annual sunshine duration,annual precipitation,annual average relative humidity,annual average lowest temperature,soil available nitrogen,soil available iron and p H had stronger effects on root morphology than medicinal ingredients.Available zinc significantly promoted the accumulation of phenolic acids and tanshinones at same time.However,compared with climate factors,soil factors had a relatively weak effect on root morphology and active components of S.miltiorrhiza in large span of geospace.To a greater extent,soil factors change the content of medicinal ingredients by changing the root morphology of S.miltiorrhiza.5.The results of the variety seedlings of S.miltiorrhiza transplantation in the east-west longitude gradient sites in China showed the following conclusions.Root quality,root number and root diameter were closely related to air temperature,atmospheric pressure,water vapor pressure,relative humidity and precipitation.The increase of sunshine factor in a certain degree was beneficial to the thickening of root system.Rosmarinic acid had significantly positively correlates with temperature and annual average vapor pressure,but salvianolic acid B had week correlation with climatic factors.Tanshinones contents were negatively correlated with the altitude,and the content of tanshinone?A decreased with the increase of latitude.The relatively warm humid environment conducive to the tanshinone?A content and yield increase in China mid-latitude areas.In the eastern region,cryptotanshinone /total tanshinones in S.miltiorrhizaroots was generally slightly higher than that in the western region.Total phenolic acids /total tanshinones showed a slow increasing trend with the decrease of the longitude.In addition,raininess in the south,arid and semi-arid climate in the north and high light conditions limited the accumulation of root biomass and active components of S.miltiorrhizain varying degrees.6.The pot experiment results of S.miltiorrhiza seedlings treated with temperature stress and light gradient showed the following conclusions.Short-term high temperature of 38 ?,low temperature stress of 4 ? and 100% light(12000 Lx)would increase the content of total phenolic acids.Short-term high temperature,dark,and high light reduced tanshinone?A content in different degrees,but less effects on total tanshinones content.38 ?stress could significantly improve total phenolic acids /total tanshinones andcryptotanshinone/total tanshinones.4 ? treatment led to the increase of total phenolic acids / total tanshinones and followed by the decrease.The effect of temperature stress on the content or proportion of active components in S.miltiorrhiza roots was stronger than that of light stress.Phenolic acids responded more strongly to short-term temperature and light stress.The accumulation of phenolicacids and tanshinones was later than the up-regulation of gene expression,and most of them occurred in the middle and late stage of low-temperature treatment,but the response to high-temperature treatment was relatively timely.7.Regional studies of different varieties showed the different provenance of S.miltiorrhiza had relatively stable genetic characters,and also showed strong environmental plasticity.The root morphology,growth index,active component content and proportion of S.miltiorrhiza showed significant differences between cultivars from the same origin and the same cultivars in the north and south of Qinling Mountains.The growth of S.miltiorrhiza in the south of the Qinling Mountains from August to September was generally better than that in the north,and the root biomass no longer had an advantage after the harvest period in October,but the root biomass of S.miltiorrhiza from Sichuan Province still had an obvious advantagein the south of Qinling Mountains.The average content of total phenolic acids and total tanshiones in the south was 1.34 times and 1.44 times of that in the north,respectively.The total tanshiones content of ‘Lu'and ‘Shandong brick red' had relative advantages both in the two climatic regions.Cryptotanshinone / total tanshiones of ‘Shandong brick red'and‘Shandong space mutation' had relative advantages.While total phenolic acids /total tanshinones of ‘Chuan' Danshen had relative higher value.The relative warm,humid and moderate light environment in the south of Qinling Mountains was beneficial to medicinal ingredients accumulation of S.miltiorrhiza.Summary,producers could realize‘Medicinal ingredient oriented'cultivation of S.miltiorrhiza through modern agricultural science and technology on the basis of improved species selection.