| Danshen,the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge,is one of the traditional Chinese herb medicine and is widely used for the clinical treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.Due to its high medicinal value,S.miltiorrhiza is widely cultivated in many places.The quality and yield of S.miltiorrhiza in different areas are significantly uneven and unstable through traditional cultivation.Thus,for cultivation of S.miltiorrhiza with high quality,it is important to discover which factors would influence the quality difference of wild S.miltiorrhiza from different habitats.For this study,we analyzed the effective components,inorganic elements,and antioxidant activities of 41 individual S.miltiorrhiza samples that were collected from all over China.And the relationship between secondary metabolities and ecological factors was also conducted.The results may lead to a better understanding of quality variation due to environmental factors,and also provide guidance on the high-quality cultivation of S.miltiorrhiza.1.Twelve phenolic acids and five tanshinones were detected by UPLC-MS-MS,and the tanshinones compounds,such as tanshinoneⅡA and cryptotanshinone,showed a larger range of variation than the phenolic acids.According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015),the total content of tanshinoneⅠ,tanshinoneⅡA and cryptotanshinone should not be less than 0.25%;more than 20 samples were not up to the standard that,most of which were from the southern provinces of Jiangxi,Hunan,and Zhejiang.Based on principal component analysis,cryptotanshinone,tanshinoneⅡA,dihydrotanshinoneⅠ,danshensu,salvianolic acids A,lithospermic acid,salvianolic acids B,rosmarinic acid and protocatechualdehyde were optimized as markers of different locations and might be suitable for evaluating the quality of S.miltiorrhiza.Besides,based on a cluster analysis,samples collected from Hebei,Hubei and Shanxi provinces and the ones collected from Jiangxi,Hunan and Zhejiang provinces were grouped together,which indicate that the quality of S.miltiorrhiza could be judged according to the contents of chemical compounds and geographical position.2.Tanshinones were more likely to be influenced by changes in ecological factors compared with phenolic acids,and the associations between secondary metabolites and elements in the soil were not as significant as the climatic factors.Tanshinones content was positively correlated to annual sunshine duration(P <0.01),but negatively correlated with annual average temperature,relative humidity,and annual average precipitation(P <0.01);the opposite situation was found in salvianolic acid B,caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid.Soil concentrations of Zn,Ca and Cd were closely related to dihydrotanshinoneⅠ,tanshinoneⅡA and cryptotanshinone,respectively.TN was key factors for danshensu,lithospermic acid and salvianolic acids B,and presented positive direct effects.Ba showed significantly negative and direct effects on salvianolic acids B and Rosmarinic acid(P < 0.05).3.Different S.miltiorrhiza samples exhibited an extremely large variation in antioxidant activity,among which S5(Shiyan,Hubei)showed the highest antioxidant activity,while the lowest activity was S8(Nanyang,Henan).Samples that exceed the mean IC50 values had higher phenolic acids contents.The antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assays.It indicated that the mean DPPH and ABTS scavenging potency of S.miltiorrhiza extract solutions was 32.1331 and 23.3120 μg/ml,respectively.Meanwhile,correlation analysis indicated a close correlation between the antioxidant activities and phenolic acids contents.Caffeic acid,danshensu,rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid and salvianolic acid B were the major contributors to the antioxidant activity(P < 0.05),among which salvianolic acid B showed the highest relevance.The lower IC50 value implies the higher antioxidant activity.Thus,it can be indicated that the higher the content of caffeic acid,danshensu,rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid and salvianolic acid B,the stronger the antioxidant activity that S.miltiorrhiza owns.4.By the analysis of inorganic elements in Salvia miltiorrhiza,the characteristic inorganic elements was Mn,Pb,Cu,Mg,Zn and Ca.Element Mg and Al in the soil had negatively correlated to Zn,Cu and Cd in S.miltiorrhiza,but to K,correlation were just the opposite.The enrichment coefficients of Mg,K,Ca,Cd and Cu by S.miltiorrhiza was at a certain peculiarity.In addition,according to “Green standards of medicinal plants and preparations for foreign trade and economy”,the number of samples that the contents of heavy metals elements of Cu,Pb and Cd exceed the national standards were 8,7 and 12,respectively. |
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