| There is a long history of tea culture in China.Teahouses,as an important public space in the city,have important research value.The related research of teahouses shows a diversified trend due to differences in time and space.As far as the Nanjing teahouses concerned in this article are showed,there are studies,and their materials are either handed down from folks or public history notes.Its contents are quite detailed in the introduction of the economic losses and benefits of the Nanjing Tea House in different periods,tea culture,tea technology,tea theater and so on.However,most of the relevant research is not clear about the level of interaction between the Nanjing teahouse and the "government".In fact,the history of the teahouse is also a microscopic urban history.The"government" is inextricably linked between the city's managers and the existence and operation of the teahouse,a public entertainment venue.Broaden our horizons of cognition.This article attempts to explore a large amount of first-hand information on the basis of existing research,taking the entanglement of Nanjing teahouse management and "government" management as a clue,systematically combing the development of Nanjing teahouse industry during the Republic of China(1927-1949),focusing on " The interaction and influence between the government and the teahouse industry has made the history and twists and turns of the teahouse industry in Nanjing during this period as close as possible to historical facts.After the establishment of the Nanjing National Government,the Nanjing teahouse industry was able to prosper.It was the result of a combination of factors:First,the Nanjing area itself has a geographical advantage.The so-called "Jinling's name is famous,the landscape is good,and the past remains.smell".There are many tourist attractions,attracting a large number of tourists,and after the tour,drinking tea to help Yaxing,in line with people's consumer psychology and needs.Second,the water and land transportation in Nanjing is convenient.The Nanjing City during the Republic of China "is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,in the south of the Jiangtao.It is about 400 kilometers east of the Yangtze River.It travels directly from the air to the northeast and reaches the sea.It is about 240 kilometers long.It is Shanghai by railway,about three hundred and ten.Kilometers.The river is opposite to Pukou,about one thousand meters apart.It is the center of the country's major transportation routes." In addition,Nanjing is the capital of the National Government and is close to many famous tea producing areas.It has greatly facilitated the gathering of various famous teas in Nanjing,providing a source of raw materials for the prosperity of the teahouse industry.Third,the National Government has carried out relatively large-scale municipal construction in Nanjing,such as the rectification of health services in the Qinhuai River area,the cleanup of rivers,and the repair and maintenance of a number of parks such as Xuanwu Lake,which are provided by the teahouse industry.The ideal place to operate.Fourth,the Nanjing National Government's management of the teahouse industry is quite appropriate.Not only pay attention to the hygiene and price of the teahouse industry,but also pay attention to the management of the tenants.Of course,teahouses are one of the sources of government revenue.All matters of renting and operating are subject to the supervision of government personnel.In some of the established business contracts,the government has the right to send personnel to participate directly in the daily economic activities of the tea house,showing the government's strong control over the tea house economy.At the same time,as a public entertainment space in the city,the tea house is also under the supervision of the government.The business activities of the tea house cannot be increased or decreased without the approval and approval of relevant government departments.In general,the teahouse industry during the Nanjing National Government gradually developed and expanded in constant contact with the government.The Park Management Office is not only a constraint on the operation of the teahouse industry,but also supports the teahouse business operators in terms of maintaining the environment and providing legality of management,and maintaining the economic order of the teahouse industry to a certain extent.At the end of 1937,after the fall of Nanjing.The Japanese army carried out large-scale looting of merchants in Nanjing City,including teahouses,and launched a brutal massacre.Affected by this,the business situation of the teahouse industry has turned sharply.Whether it was the beginning of the new pseudo-dimensional government,or the later Wang Puppet regime.The essence is the agent of the Japanese aggressor in China.In the early days of the fall of Nanjing,the Weixin pseudoregime constantly used illegal violence to force businesses including tea houses to resume operations.The purpose was to maintain Nanjing's social order for Japan,not for the sake of people's livelihood.Moreover,the puppet regime does not recognize the tea company that originally had a lease relationship,and if it does not have a contract for any reason,it will not be recognized,and it is required to re-tender,reflecting its self-interested nature.For the sake of livelihood considerations,a large number of teahouses in Nanjing resumed operations around 1938,but the operating conditions were not optimistic.First of all,under the pseudo-regime,business activities must conform to the main theme of Sino-Japanese goodwill.All operatic statements must be examined by the pseudo-regime.Once they are found to be inconsistent with the regulations,they will be punished and arrested.Secondly,in the business contract signed by the pseudo-regime with the tea business operators,exploitation is also revealed everywhere.For example,in the early days of the fall,Zhuang Qingheng,as a lessee,not only had to raise funds for the reconstruction of the tea house,but also the park management office of the pseudo-regime could recover the power of management after the expiration.At the same time,all facilities in the store must be turned over to the pseudo-regime after the expiration.As a tenant,there are only three limited use rights.After the war,the people's livelihood was withered,and apart from the aggressors,the consumption level of the ordinary citizens plummeted,and the tea business was not easy.Moreover,due to the puppet regime's implementation of the strategy of the Japanese rulers to fight the war,the levies on tea and other materials have squandered and the prices in the region have soared,further exacerbating the difficulties in the operation of the tea industry.As a result,there have been tea houses that operate in shackles and tea houses that engage in speculation.Finally,the circulation of tea is also controlled and exploited by the pseudoregime.In the later period of the puppet regime,even the tea was transported from the place of origin to Nanjing,and the final cost was lost.Under such circumstances,the living environment of the tea house can be imagined.In order to strengthen the control of the tea economy,under the auspices of the pseudo-regime,various trade associations were established to achieve indirect control of individual operators.However,the trade association as a collection of interests has two sides.On the one hand,the trade association,as a product of the pseudo-regime's participation and control,has a lot of efforts in conveying and executing the pseudo-regime order and managing the management and health status of the participating members.It is a tool for the pseudo-regime to manipulate the tea industry and the tea industry.On the other hand,the trade associations,as a collective,also have their own collective interests.When the pseudo-regime is too harshly crushed and seriously infringes upon the collective interests,the trade association will inevitably fight against the practice of the pseudoregime to exhaust the fish in some aspects.This kind of situation cannot be the norm,and it will gradually appear when the pseudo-regime will collapse.Of course,in order to maintain the order of the pseudo-regime,the pseudo-regime will also correct and punish some unreasonable or unstable factors in the tea business operations.In short,during the fall of the fall,the pseudo-regime was not the operator of the city,but was engaged in the control of Nanjing and the plundering of resources in the capacity of the Japanese aggression agent.Therefore,the teahouse industry in Nanjing did not appear as a phenomenon of "after the robbery" in the fall of Suzhou during the fall of Suzhou.The tea business operators are mostly forced to resume their livelihoods.With the gradual deterioration of the business environment,the pseudo-regime economy is crushed.Some tea companies have turned into illegal activities,or directly closed the door.For example,Xinqi Fangge is a very famous halal tea house in Nanjing.After the fall,it was once revived in Nanjing,but the economic environment was bad due to the pseudo-regime.collapse.The so-called "abnormal prosperity" phenomenon did not appear in Nanjing.During the entire period of the fall of Nanjing,the pseudo-Nanjing special city government in order to extract the wealth of the people as much as possible,the levy of taxation and taxation emerged endlessly,not only through business tax,temporary special tax,temporary construction special donation,advertising donation,etc.,all kinds of names,the operators levy levy.Moreover,for the tea industry,the business activities of the tea industry have introduced various kinds of tyranny such as "limit price" and "mobile license".The tea business operators will be punished for breaking a certain rule without paying attention.From this point of view,in Nanjing under the pseudo-regime,it is not easy to operate a tea society.The victory of the Anti-Japanese War has brought Nanjing's urban development into a new era,and the teahouse industry in Nanjing has also ushered in new opportunities.With the gradual return of the National Government to Nanjing,the population of Nanjing had risen month by month,and with the acceptance and transformation of the Japanese government by the National Government,the economy of Nanjing has gradually ushered in signs of recovery.Correspondingly,the business of Nanjing has shown a tendency to prosper.The phase,supplemented by the favorable development of Nanjing's financial and financial development in the early post-war period and the development of Nanjing's municipal construction,the external conditions for the revival of the teahouse industry were basically formed.Within the teahouse industry itself,the establishment of Taiping Tea Co.,Ltd.,the opening of the tea paper line,and the organization of the Nanjing Tea Bake Production Cooperative directly or indirectly promoted the development of the teahouse industry.The tea houses in Nanjing also faced many difficulties in the actual operation process,such as the deteriorating economic environment,and severe inflation limits the positive development of the tea houses.In addition,the tea houses had to face the guidance and control of its manager,the Nanjing Municipal Government,and the tea club itself participated in the organization of the trade association.It hoped that through the middle-level coordination of the middle-level institutions,it can create a better external environment for the tea business,but The actual situation is often unsatisfactory.For example,the entertainment business such as music and the sale of raw water as the two main businesses in the tea business are all banned by the management department and reported by the original industry operators.The tea companies had to deal with many parties to communicate with each other.In addition to the concurrent business,the dilapidated housing and housing property disputes in Nanjing were also an important cause of the dilemma of tea business operations.Without the venue,it is impossible to operate,but the difficulties in repairing housing and the division of housing property rights pose challenges to the survival of individual tea houses.The narrative and analysis of the dilemma of tea business management provided vivid examples for further understanding of the situation of tea communities in Nanjing after the war,which helped to understand the development of tea houses. |
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