The Beginnings And Twists Of Modernization

The New Deal Movement in the late Qing Dynasty is an important stage in the China's early modernization.For the historical process of the China's early modernization and its experience,the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty is an indispensable part.Since the Reform and Opening up,especially in the 21th century,the study of the history of the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty has attracted the attention of many scholars,and has also promoted multi-dimensional research and discussion.However,the new policies of the Shaanxi-Gansu region in the history of the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty did not attract enough attention and the study,which was the beginning and the real start-up period of the early modernization movement in this region.Whether it was from the perspective of the new political history in the late Qing Dynasty,the early modernization history,or the regional history of modern Shaanxi and Gansu,it has important research value.There are still many blanks in the study of Gan Xinzheng's history,and further academic efforts are still needed.With the modernization theory as the research perspective,this paper takes the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty as the research background,and the Shaanxi-Gansu region as the research object,to study the Shaanxi-Gansu New Deal from the perspective of regional modernization.The Shaanxi-Gansu New Deal started from the end of 1901 with the establishment of the Shaanxi Hongdao University,until the Xinhai-Xinjiang Uprising.It lasted for ten years and covered many fields such as military,education,culture,industry,finance,transportation,law,administration,and preparatory constitutionalism.The structure of this paper is from Shaanxi and Gansu society and economic situation in the late Qing Dynasty,the new political policy and military modernization in the late Qing Dynasty,the educational culture innovation in the Shaanxi-Gansu New Deal period in the late Qing Dynasty,the economic modernization of Shaanxi and Gansu during the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty,and the traffic and postal services in the Shaanxi-Gansu New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty.Reform;in the late Qing Dynasty,Shaanxi and Gansu prepared for constitutionalism and police administration.Social and economic conditions are the basic factors of the Shaanxi-Gansu New Deal Movement.The paper analyzes the social and economic conditions of Shaanxi and Gansu in the late Qing Dynasty from the perspectives of population,local economy,the influence of the Westernization Movement and local governors.It is believed that the population of Shaanxi and Gansu provinces has been sharply reduced due to the impact of war and famine in the Qing Dynasty,thus worsen the Local economic and financial difficulties;Although the Zuo Zongtang created several foreign affairs enterprises during the Westernization Movement,it lacked continuity and did not really open up the early regional modernization.In the late Qing Dynasty,the Shaanxi-Gansu governor group was conservative and frequently transferred.The Shaanxi-Gansu New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty was a difficult start under the historical background of social and economic changes in this region,and it has brought many obstacles.Military modernization is the most important innovation of the Shaanxi-Gansu New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty.On the basis of the abolition of the old army,the two provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu respectively compiled the new army forces of the Association,and they have fundamentally changed in the system,equipment and command.In this paper,the historical contribution and limitations of the military reform in Shaanxi and Gansu in the late Qing Dynasty were analyzed.On the one hand,a relatively complete modern military system was established in the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty,and a knowledge group with modern colors was formed by establishing military schools and students studying abroad.On the other hand,the Shaanxi and Gansu provinces have not completed the new army's training tasks,and the cost is huge,which has caused a serious financial burden,affecting new policies in transportation,education,industry and mining and other fields.For the purpose of innovation and cultivating talents,the Shaanxi-Gansu New Deal was actively established in the education and culture in the late Qing Dynasty.Many universities such as Hongdao University,Shaanxi University and Gansu University were established,and two provinces were established.The primary and secondary school education system has established a provincial-level education management institution,and has begun to dispatch overseas students in a planned manner.It has trained the first batch of students studying abroad in the modern Shaanxi-Gansu region,and has successively created a variety of official newspapers and private newspapers.Those helped the opening of regional ethos and the transformation of ideas.The article believes that the establishment of the Shaanxi-Gansu New Deal in the field of education and culture in the late Qing Dynasty laid the foundation for talents and thoughts for the early modernization of Shaanxi and Gansu.In the late Qing Dynasty,the development of Shaanxi-Gansu Mining and Mining Industry was based on the sporadic remains of the Westernization Movement.It expanded the resources of the two provinces and created a number of modern chemical plants covering agriculture,light industry,industrial and mining,and established relatively perfect.The industrial development system and institutions have hired a certain number of foreign talents,attached importance to the cultivation of their own talents,improved the technical level of modern Shaanxi-Gansu industry,and formed a modern enterprise management and business awareness.At the same time,in order to raise funds for new policies,the Shaanxi and Gansu provinces adopted a method of increasing taxes,cutting officials' fees,and implementing a unified tax system,and reformed the original tax system in an attempt to solve the financial difficulties brought about by the new administration.Transportation is a fundamental undertaking that promotes the early modernization process.During the late Qing Dynasty,the transportation,post and telecommunications undertakings of Shaanxi and Gansu were created in telegraph,railway,postal,shipping,and highway construction.However,due to the influence of local financial resources and the planning of the Qing government,only the postal and telegraph industries have been greatly developed.Lanzhou The iron bridge was built,and other railways,shipping,etc.were all effective.In this paper,a special analysis of the failure of Xiqiao Railway construction is carried out.It is believed that the Xiqiao Railway is the most crucial content in the modernization of modern Shaanxi-Gansu traffic.The road failed to start construction,hindering the opening of the customs and the transshipment of goods,affecting the entire the process of the Shaanxi-Gansu New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty.The political modernization of Shaanxi and Gansu during the New Deal period in the late Qing Dynasty mainly focused on policing,judicature and preparatory constitution.The Shaanxi and Gansu provinces established a modern patrol system in the late Qing Dynasty,and established a police administration,forming a preliminary social security management and service.In terms of judicial reform,the establishment of a courtroom and prosecutorial department,the improvement of prisons,and the establishment of a preliminary modern judicial system are the first steps in the judicial reform of modern Shaanxi and Gansu;through the promotion of local autonomy,especially the two provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu respectively The Consultative Council,the gentry's democratic consciousness has received a rare education and enlightenment,which promoted the development of the democratic consciousness of modern Shaanxi and Gansu.To sum up,in the late Qing Dynasty,the Shaanxi-Gansu region was carried out fruitful construction and exploration in the fields of education,military,transportation,industry and mining,and promoted the early modernization of this region,and even the whole Northwest.Meanwhile,the early modernization of Shaanxi and Gansu in the late Qing Dynasty also shows that the backward regions are limited to the local economic condition,regional atmosphere,bureaucratic thoughts and actions,modernization paths and reform areas;the process of early modernization exploration is more difficult than other regions in China.Through the discussion of the position and historical influence of Shaanxi and Gansu New Deal in the in the late Qing Dynasty New Deal,this paper will also benefit the study of the New Deal history in the late Qing Dynasty,especially the early modernization history of Shaanxi and Gansu.