The Study Of The Dashengwula General Yamen Official Harvesting In Qing Dynasty

In Qing Dynasty,The Dashengwula General Yamen Official Harvesting was conducted by collecting,fishing,hunting,digging and other methods to obtain the necessary local products such as rare precious,aquatic products,birds,animals and traditional Chinese medicine supplements,it's the continuation of the unique collection economy before the Qing Dynasty was established.Fishing,hunting and gathering are the traditional production and life style of the Nuzhen.At the beginning of the rise of the Nuzhen in Jianzhou,it was an important economic means to obtain the profit with Ginseng and mink.After the founding of the Later Jin State,the hunting and collecting did not stop.Nurhachi created the system of eight banners,which divided the profits each year equally among the eight banners.After Huang Taiji succeeded,he continued to expand the scale of hunting and collecting,and set up flags on the ground of Wula for hunting animals full-time.In the hunting season every year,Huang Taiji takes Beile and princes of banners to go to Wula to fish and hunt.After the Qing Dynasty settled in the Central Plainland,the official camp was set up in Wula named“Dashengwula”.The private capture of the princes of the Lower Five Banner was cancelled,and the hunting and collecting was then accepted as an official camp.After the reign of Shunzhi,the emperor had an absolute advantage over the princes of the Lower Five Banners with three banners on his hand,and there were also differences between the Upper Three Banners and the Lower Five Banners.The captors of the Upper Three Banners were assigned to the Court of the Interior,while the captors of the Lower Five Banners were assigned to the Beile?Beizi mansion.Each thirty hunters were staffed Zhuxuan,and each of them has one president and vicepresidentare.and Wula offered the Qing Dynasty east pearl ?honey?pine ?nuts and fish and other precious specialties,it was the embodiment of the high concentration of imperial power in the Qing Dynasty to circle the harvesting area as a forbidden area and not allow others to touch the hunting and collecting of,and the the hunting and collecting also became the carrier for the rulers of the Qing Dynasty to retain the ethnic memory.This paper is composed of three parts: the introduction and the conclusion.The introduction introduces the purpose and significance of the paper,the use of historical materials and academic review.The main text is divided into five chapters.The first chapter introduces the origin of the hunting and collecting in Northeast China in the Qing Dynasty.It is a traditional production and economic activity of the Nuzhen living in Northeast relying on geographical location,and it is also the main commodity of the trade between Nuzhen departments and the Central Plains Dynasty.Nurhachi led the Nuzhen of Jianzhou,and they traded hunting and collecting goods with Ming Dynasty.After the establishment of the Jin State,both Nurhachi and his successor Huang Taiji attached great importance to hunting activities.Each banners is equipped with a hunting Zhuxuan,making tributes for the Wang of the banners and Beile.The second chapter focus on the investigation of the Dashengwula Yamen office.The official Dashengwula was set up in the former location of the Ula State.It was in charge of the Qing Dynasty,In charge of the collection and capture of the village.At the beginning,there were only the steward wing and hundreds of hunters pay tribute for the imperial family of the Qing Dynasty.It gradually developed to the Jiaqing Dynasty.Apart from the steward and the left and right wing,there were four officers for the steward wing,two of them were responsible for collecting pearl pine nuts and honey,and the other two for paying tribute fish.There are seven members of the Xiaoqixiao and four members of Weishu Xiaoqixiao.Eight people in charge of the east pearl pine nut honey,two people in charge of fishing,one person in charge of tun zhuang grain affairs in addition to Zhang Jing,lingcui and other officials directly manage the collection of hunters.At first,there were only more than 400 people in Wula Yamen.In the late years of the Kangxi Dynasty,the number of people had grown more than 2,000.With the increase of the Qing Dynasty's demand for specialty products in Northeast China,the number of people in the Yamen was expanded,and the general manager was also promoted to Zhengsan Pin.From the beginning of the establishment of the government to the early years of the reign of Emperor Qianlong,the post of head of the Ula was inherited by the Maitu family.However,in the 15th year of Qianlong(1750),Suihana,the sixth governor,was dismissed.The privileve of the Maitu family fell into decline,and the demobiliza Gongcha was also brought under the jurisdiction of the Jilin general,thus ending the demobiliza wula.The third chapter discussed the source of the main part of hunting and collecting.Each Nuzhen branch had a tradition of fishing,hunting and harvesting.After the destruction of the Wula,the old Wula branch was incorporated into the Eight Banner Manchuria,while the minority branch was mixed into the Banner Manchuria.In the third year of Tiancong(1629),Huang Taiji appointed Maitu to lead his clan and banners to bring the people from the former Wula back to Wula,and appointed Gashanda to take charge of all the affairs of hunting and collecting.This batch of hunters that made up the banners of the families were the original source of the hunters that made up the yamen.After the Shunzhi dynasty,with the concentration of imperial power,the power of hunting animals was gradually collected to the central government.The Qing government transferred all the hunters under the princes of the Lower Five Banners to wula,and built the general yamen of Dashengwula,together with the hunters under the Upper Three Banners.After Emperor Kangxi came into power,the country gradually unified,and the demand for tributes in Northeast China increased increasingly,and the number of hunters increased rapidly.Among them,there were not only the original hunter families in Wula,but also the hunters transferred to Wula by the Court of Interior to expand the scale of hunting animals after the entry of the Qing Dynasty.The explosion of hunting population in Kangxi Dynasty was closely related to the dispatch of criminals to Wula by the Court of the Interior?As early as in the Shunzhi dynasty,there were scattered records of sending criminals to hunt to wula.In the early years of Kangxi,the bannermen of the Court of the Interior were often sent to Wula as soldiers after being convicted of crimes,After subduing the rebellion of the three vassals,the Qing government sent many sinner to Wula,and they constituted an important source of hunters in this period.The fourth chapter teases Dashengwula general Yamen several important official battalion collection.At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty,Dashengwula General Yamen collected a wide variety of official tribute products every year,including almost all kinds of special plants and animals in Northeast China.Later,with the development of the Qing Dynasty,the imperial court cut the mink skin and ginseng from the annual official harvest of Dasehngwula.In the Qing Dynasty,Dashengwula General Yamen continuously presented only four kinds of Oriental pearl?fish?fresh pine nuts and honey,and the Middle Eastern pearl was valued by the emperors of the Qing Dynasty because of its unique political significance.To satisfy the extravagant expenses of the imperial family in the Qing Dynasty,Hunters traveled from place to place in the northeast to the Gongshan and Gongjiang rivers.In order to encourage hunters to hunt,the Qing government set up a strict reward and punishment system.Along the way,it set up steles at Kallan and decreed that banner citizens were forbidden to steal and hunt without permission,hoping to have permanent possession of various special products.The fifth chapter introduces the decline of the official fishing and catching industry in the Qing Dynasty.Taking the pearl fishing and fish fishing in the east as an example,it shows that the decline of fishing and hunting has an inseparable relationship with the exhaustion of natural resources after years of excessive fishing and catching.At the same time,the decline of the catcher Gongchai was also related to the influx of a large number of immigrants from northeast China to reclaim wasteland and the infiltration of border Russian forces.The most important thing was that hunting and collecting was a part of the royal economy.After the decline of the national strength of the Qing Dynasty,the finance could no longer provide a large amount of economic support for hunting and the decline of hunting also led to the change of the status of Dashengwula General Yamen.The hunting and collecting affairs were controlled by Jilin Generals,and the Dashengwula Yamen lost its independent status in the early Qing Dynasty.After the end of the Qing Dynasty,the Ula hunters were transferred to the Qing court and fightted over the country for years.Most of them died in the battle,and a large number of young and middle-aged hunters went out in armor,leading to the loss of a large number of experienced hunters,thus,its decline is inevitable.In the conclusion part,on the basis of summarizing the whole paper,the characteristics of the official hunting and collecting in the Qing Dynasty are summarized.The rise and fall of the hunting and collecting means the rise and fall of Dashengwula General Yamen,and the rise and fall of Dashengwula General Yamen also confirms the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty.It can be said that the development fate of the Official Dasheng Yamen in the Qing Dynasty is closely related to the fate of the Qing Dynasty.