The Research On The National Government's The Reception And Reconstruction Of Education In Shenyang(1945-1948)

After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War,no matter whether they received or appeased Northeast for the Kuomintang,Shenyang was a base camp.Shenyang City had became a military and political center of the Kuomintang ruling Northeast.After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War,education was a very important part of the National Government's reception and reconstruction of the Northeast.The reception and reconstruction of education in the Northeast with Shenyang as the center was not only unique,but its success or failure affected the popular support and opposition and the rise and fall of the regime.This paper will focus on the study period in 1945-1948,and the region is concentrated in Shenyang.By using the historical materials such as files,newspapers and periodicals,this paper investigate the reception and reconstruction of Shenyang education launched by the National Government,reflect the crisis of the Kuomintang in the Northeast from another point of view,further reveal the essence of education for serving the civil war and the historical reasons for the failure in the competition for the Communist Party and the Kuomintang striving for the Northeast.In addition to the intention and conclusion,this paper includes six chapters.The specific contents are as follows:The first chapter describes the background of education reception in Shenyang after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.The Communist Party of China entered Shenyang before the Kuomintang in view of the important strategic position of Shenyang.After the Communist Party of China withdrew from Shenyang,the National Government sent Dong Wenqi and others to Shenyang at the end of December 1945.Until March 13,1946,all the Soviet troops stationed in Shenyang were evacuated and the Kuomintang troops stationed in Shenyang and began formal reception.Under the 14 years of Japanese colonial rule,the education of Shenyang City has developed abnormally.Later,the education of Shenyang was looted by the Soviet army,and the school constructions and equipment were devastated.The second chapter studies the National Government's policy and implementation of educational acceptance in Shenyang.In order to guide the reception of education in the Northeast,the Ministry of Education of the National Government established the Northeast District Education Demobilization Counseling Committee,passing the "Resolution on Acceptance of Education in Northeast China".The Liaoning Provincial Government of the Kuomintang had also successively promulgated interim measures for the demobilization of various schools.The education reception work was in charge of the education group of the Liaoning Provincial Branch of the Northeast Enemy and Puppet Undertakings Unified Reception Committee.The education group was composed of the Special Commissioner Office of the Northeast District of the Ministry of Education and the Liaoning Provincial Government.Schools with junior colleges and above were accepted by the Special Commissioner Office,and schools below the middle school were accepted by the provinces and cities.The work of receiving education in Shenyang has been gradually completed.However,both primary and secondary schools and colleges and universities were facing problems such as shortage of funds,insufficient teachers,broken school buildings,incomplete teaching aids,and lack of teaching materials.Especially in terms of higher education,in the process of distributing students of Northeastern Temporary University,Since the opening date of Northeastern University has not been determined,more than a thousand promising young students have no cotton clothes,no resources for coal,and waste of schoolwork,which has brought great difficulties to the reconstruction of education.The third chapter studies the reconstruction of elementary education in Shenyang by the National Government.The Kuomintang's Shenyang Municipal Government designated education and guidance areas to set up national schools,edited and reviewed textbooks,and reset the curriculum,but many problems still existed.Among the financial expenditures of the Kuomintang's Shenyang municipal government,education and cultural expenditures ranked second with 22.75%.Not only did they fail to meet the requirement of not less than 35% of cities and counties,but also less than half of the 47.86% of security and police expenditures,which was seriously inconsistent with Chiang Kai-shek's loud slogan of "Military first during the War of Resistance;Education first during the founding of the People's Republic".National schools conducted "war against chaos" education for students through weekly meetings,course content,posters,etc.The purpose of education to serve the civil war was clear.The slogan of the School Offering Campaign was shouted vigorously,but the final result was a vain name,and the plan to pilot the two guarantee national schools in each district failed to materialize.The number of out-of-school children affected by the war was increasing,and the government's improper measures have little effect.Due to the undecided classification in 1946,the Kuomintang's Shenyang Municipal Government only issued maintenance fees and other living allowances to teachers,and levied teacher-respecting rice from students.However,maintenance fees were extremely meager,and there were problems of wage arrears and inequality between civil servants and teachers.After the grading and review of teachers was completed,although wages have increased,it was still not as fast as the price rise.Teachers' lives were unsustainable,triggering petitions and strikes.The fourth chapter studies the reconstruction of secondary education in Shenyang by the National Government.After the war,there were too many young people in Northeast China who were out of school and urgently needed to be accommodated.The Ministry of Education of the National Government organized pre-university courses.The Liaoning Provincial Government of the Kuomintang established a temporary middle school,and Shenyang took over the Northeast Youth Middle School,planned to open a summer tuition school,formulated the interim measures for public aid students in public secondary schools and the method of scholarships,etc.But the biggest problem in the reconstruction of secondary education was the serious shortage of education funds,leading to the nameless grants,the ineffectiveness of education relief,the lack of teaching facilities,and the low salaries of teachers.Even individual principals embezzled public funds,some teachers were weak in teaching,and teachers' morality was corrupted.In order to reverse the decline of the military battlefield and replenish the source of troops,the Kuomintang implemented military training for students above high school in Shenyang,and boy scout training for students below junior high school.Educated youths were mobilized to join the army,winter camps were held,and schools were mobilized to form youth task forces to serve for the implementation of "rebellion".As a result,the educational environment deteriorated.The fifth chapter studies the reconstruction of higher education in Shenyang by the National Government.The National Government's methods for the demobilization and reconstruction of colleges and universities in Shenyang included moving the National Northeastern University back to Shenyang,taking over the National Shenyang Medical College,and establishing the private Northeast Zhongzheng University,the private Liaodong College,the private Liaoning Medical College,and the Liaoning Provincial Teachers College.The Ministry of Education of the Nationalist Government had insufficient expenditures on higher education in Shenyang,teaching equipment was extremely scarce,and the salary of teaching staff was meager.In the management of teachers,there was nepotism,lack of teachers and professors.The public funds owed by the Ministry of Education cannot be fully allocated,and student life was unsustainable.Later,the Ministry of Education implemented a scholarship system,but because of the small number of scholarships,it caused protests and dissatisfaction among students.Coupled with the soaring price of goods in the Northeast after the war,people's lives were miserable,and students with strong patriotism and political sensitivity set off massive protest movements.The sixth chapter studies the reconstruction of social education in Shenyang by the National Government.In order to promote social education,the social education institutions set up in Shenyang included the Public Education Center,the Library,the Public School,the School Social Education Promotion Committee,and the National Education Research Association,etc.These social education institutions cooperated with each other to implement literacy education,phonetic symbol education,audio-visual education,and national sports for the people.Due to funding constraints,it was very difficult to promote social education in Shenyang.Not only was there serious shortage of equipment for audio-visual education,but also the training of talents for social education was still insufficient.The concluding remarks comprehensively summarized the education reception and reconstruction of Shenyang and the existing problems.The lack of planning in the reception of education was mainly characterized by the intervention of the military and political forces.In the reconstruction of education,the Kuomintang took the lead in provoking a civil war in the Northeast,leading to soaring prices after the war,economic bankruptcy,education funds squeezed by the military,and more children and youth out of school.Various problems caused teachers and students to accelerate the operation of the centrifugal force of the Kuomintang government and put their political trust in the Communist Party.The Kuomintang's rule in the Northeast also came to an end.