| The modernization of Chinese education originated from the late Qing Dynasty China and Western continuous collision and contact,the Qing government lied in the western of collision constantly losing to the rulers of the Qing Dynasty realized the importance of learning western,the Qing government began from the aspects of learning from the west,and thus opened the Chinese education modernization of precedent.Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the Qing Dynasty,not only had developed economy and was an important source of government tax revenue,but also had highly developed culture and education,sprung up a lot of cultural celebrities.Nanjing was not only the resident of Jiangning Administrative Commissioner's office,Admiral political science station,but also the resident of the Liangjiang governor,which had very important influence to promote the Nanjing education modernization.At the end of the Qing Dynasty served as viceroy of Liangjiang governor Zeng Guofan,Liu Kunyi,Zuo Zongtang,Zhang Zhidong et all were early recognized the importance of learning western,and strongly advocated the training of new talents to meet the needs of the situation.Thus,the Shanghai Canton dialect Museum(Shanghai was a part of Jiangsu at that time),set up a Liangjiang Normal School,Wuxi three public school and a number of new early,middle and high education,and began to explore the establishment of modern China's education system.Between the revolution of 1911 to the establishment of Nanjing National Government,because of the government of the Qing Dynasty was overthrown,the aim of education also occurred in the fundamental change,the purpose of education "loyalty,Confucius,male,warrior,real"could not meet the development needs of the Republic of China,Ministry of Education in September 1912,promulgated the educational purpose:" pay attention to moral education,using the utilitarian education;national military education and aesthetic education to assiste the moral."Nanjing National Government had achie:ved certain results in the economy,culture,internal affairs,national defense construction from 1927 to 1937,which was the golden ten years of the Republic of China.Shortly after the establishment of the Nanjing National Government,the Government promulgated the "Provisional Regulations on special city of Nanjing," Nanjing as the special provisions of the city,was directly under the jurisdiction of the National Government(soon was transferred to the Executive Yuan).And it also provided for the consist of Nanjing Municipal Government and the respective responsibilities.But soon,Cai Yuanpei proposed the abolition of the Ministry of Education and set University District system.But it caused considerable opposition of Nanjing,Shanghai,all walks of life,soon the ephemeral University District system was abolished,and the Nanjing City Board of Education was restored.In 1930,due to the provisions of the new Constitution of the city,especially Nanjing Nanjing City Board of Education was renamed the Department of Education;1932 due to financial constraints,Nanjing Bureau of Education incorporated into the Bureau of Social Affairs,Social Secretary is also the Secretary of Education,and continued until the war break out.Since Nanjing education authorities in the decade had changed the name several times,this article discusses the education authorities in Nanjing unified name of this period was called Nanjing Bureau of Education.At the same time,due to the special status of Nanjing,the directors of Nanjing Bureau of Education had very strong educational background,but there were also organizations and educational directors of the constant changes in question.From the start of the Kuomintang,Sun Yat-sen had known the importance of education,after the establishment of the Nanjing National Government,they adopted a series of measures to promote the development of education in particular obligations.Because Nanjing was the seat of the capital of its special status,so it was highly implementation of Nanjing National Government policies,more thorough command.Nanjing Bureau of Education study of this period,it can be said is the study of particularity and universality combination,on the one hand we can see some of the measures that was promulgated by the National Government in order to promote education take effect in Nanjing on how to perform;on the other hand it also can be seen as the capital lies,Nanjing Bureau of Education in compliance to the provisions of the national government and itself had taken what measures to improve education.After Nanjing Bureau of Education was established,it was actively expanding school buildings,school consolidation,in order to accommodate more students attend;vigorously promote compulsory education;founder of the public school,the implementation of literacy campaigns;the use of movies and other modern means to promote the development of education and so on.Through a series of measures to greatly improve the literacy rate of the population in Nanjing,a large number of school-age children got access to education,and promoted the development of Nanjing education.From the perspective of education funding,the Nanjing National Government period due to the war,the annual financial expenditure for education funds accounted for was only a very small part.Before the outbreak of Anti-Japanese War,education funds accounted for less than 5%of the national fiscal expenditure per year.As the capital of Nanjing National Government,Nanjing needed large-scale construction and transformation to construct a modern city to meet the needs of the government and the people.So the construction funds was a large part of Nanjing finance for each year.However,every year the Nanjing finance expenditure would set aside part of the funds for education,minimum years(1928)education funds accounted for 6.45%of financial expenditure,most of the year(1935)accounting for 14.51%,far higher than the educational appropriations to the state financial expenditure proportion.In summary,we can see after the establishment of the National Government,Nanjing Bureau of Education in order to promote the development of education,they had made a series of efforts.Although there were some problems,but generally they promoted the Nanjing Primary and secondary education especially the development of elementary education,so that a large number of school aged children got the opportunity to receive education,through the establishment of the public schools,the establishment of social education to improve the Nanjing People's literacy rate,to explore to establish modern education system has made attempts and efforts. |
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