Research On The Development Of Special Education In The Late Qing Dynasty And The Republic Of China(1874-1949)

Special education is an important part of education.Its development reflects the civilization and progress of The Times,is an important part of promoting educational fairness and realizing educational modernization,and is an important measure to guarantee the equality of rights and interests of persons with disabilities and enable them to share the fruits of economic and social development.However,in the thousands of years of Chinese ancient education history,the society paid very limited attention to the education of the disabled,and there was no special education in the real sense.In the period of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,the society was in turmoil.Special education came into being in the collision and integration of Chinese and Western cultures,and it was constantly adjusted and improved with the development of The Times.Based on the background review,content investigation,influential factors analysis and characteristics of the development of special education in this period,as well as the evaluation and analysis of the development process and enlightenment of the discussion and research,this paper will accumulate experience and provide reference for the localized development of special education in contemporary China.From a historical perspective,this paper investigates the development process of special education in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.Starting with the specific contents of each period of special education,the paper describes the basic picture of special education development in this period by combining global and local methods.By comprehensively using literature research method,historical research method,case study method and comparative research method,explore the shortcomings in the process of change,and what experiences have been accumulated from it,analyze and interpret the historical process in order to achieve the purpose of judging the present by history.The research content includes the following parts.The first chapter is the beginning and start of special education in late Qing Dynasty.This paper mainly discusses propaganda of public opinion on special education by insightful people in society and the initial exploration process in the establishment of special education institutions since the spread of western learning to the east,including the training of special education teachers,the establishment of special education curriculum system and the transplantation of teaching methods,the source of funds,the basic situation of students and graduates' employment.This paper describes the start-up process of special education in the late Qing Dynasty,analyzes the influence of external factors on the development of special education in this period,and reveal the impetus behind its development.Chapter Two: Standardized Development of Special Education in the Early Republic of China.The state has played a subtle role in the management of special schools by formulating educational objectives,delimiting the administrative management of special education to establishing the status of special education in the school system.Special education has gradually been included in the national education system.At the same time,the practice of running special schools has improved.In terms of teacher training,curriculum teaching and funding sources,the special schools tend to develop more than the regular schools.The source of students and employment of students have also changed greatly.Chapter three: the transformation and gradual change of special education development in the early period of Nanjing Nationalist Government.With the political unification of the country,the education administration tends to be stable.In addition to formulating the purpose of special education and dividing it into educational administrative management,the government begins to strengthen the registered management of private special schools.At the same time,the improvement of compulsory education policy,the strengthening implementation of health education and charity relief policy played a certain auxiliary role in the development of special education in this period.The special education teacher training,curriculum design,language teaching,school funding and other aspects of the sinicization color is increasingly strong.The fourth chapter is the setback and revival period of special education development in the late period of Nanjing Nationalist Government.The outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression dealt a heavy blow to the weak special education,but under the background of the strong consciousness of national survival crisis,the educated disabled people took over the important task of running special education,and the government also took some measures to preserve and develop special education,so that the special education can survive.After the war,the government formulated a relatively perfect plan for special education,but it was not implemented due to the influence of political turmoil.However,under the joint action of non-governmental promotion and government guidance,the training of special education teachers has gradually become more professional,the curriculum system and teaching practice have become standardized,and the source of funding has been steadily guaranteed.Special education has gradually moved towards the direction of institutionalization.The fifth chapter,on the basis of combing the development process of special education in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,reveals the interactive relationship between special education itself and the surrounding environment by analyzing the internal and external factors that influence the development of special education.The key factors contributing to its unique development are the change of political,economic,cultural and other external environments,the transformation of its own functions,the gradual prominence of its humanist value,and the self-adjustment to adapt to local development.Under the interaction of multiple factors,the special education in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China showed distinct characteristics,which were also important markers of the development of special education in this period,which was different from the general education,and more helpful to clarify the development ideas of special education.Finally,Chapter ? dialectically comment the experiences and limitations of special education development in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,and explores the current direction of special education development by taking history as a mirror,namely,expanding the perspective of special education concept,combining social integration and independent development.We will strengthen the top-level design of special education policies and improve the construction of institutions and systems.To optimize the construction of special education teachers and promote the professional development of teachers;Enrich the connotation of teaching method of special education curriculum,grasp the reference and innovation of reasonable scale;The experience of expanding the proportion of special education funds and promote balanced development through diverse forces.These experiences can provide reference and enlightenment for the enrichment and improvement of the current special education system.