From “Founding A Western Vassal State” To “Retreating To Heshuo Area”:a Study On The History Of Tuyuhun From The 4th To Mid-8th Century A.D.

Tuyuhun history is an important part of ancient Chinese history and northwest ethnic history.The biography of Tuyuhun,the official history of the past dynasties,is the main document system to record the history of Tuyuhun.The existing research pays insufficient attention to these historical materials at the text and writing level,and it is still necessary to promote them even at the document level.Based on the systematic combing of Tuyuhun's basic historical materials,this paper explores the rise and fall of Tuyuhun from the mid-4th to the mid-8th century by means of historical material criticism and taking Tuyuhun's own political power development and its relationship with surrounding political powers as clues.The first chapter systematically combs the historical sources and discriminates the historical materials of Tuyuhun's biography in official history and other historical materials for the first time,which not only lays the foundation for further research,but also provides convenience for the academic circles to make use of Tuyuhun's basic historical materials.The early history of Tuyuhun's biography in the book of song and the Chunqiu of Sixteen Kingdoms comes from Tuyuhun's "national history" documents,and they are also the two sources of the early history records of Tuyuhun's biography in subsequent books.After that,the Tuyuhun biography of various books had a complex copying relationship,and new contents were added in each generation to form a layer of overlapping text.This paper carefully combs the historical sources of Tuyuhun's biography,defines the sequence relationship and its generation process,and discusses its literature value.The second,third and fourth chapters are carried out from two angles.The first is the exploration from the perspective of "historical writing",which is an important aspect of this paper.According to the logical clue of Tuyuhun's early history,Tuyuhun's "national history" documents came into being during the reign of Tuyuhun King Shiyin in the early Northern and Southern Dynasties.They are the product of Tuyuhun's just going through the struggle for succession and the urgent need to build the legitimacy of political power.By trying to separate the part constructed in Tuyuhun's early history from the historical facts,firstly,it is found that the shaping of the image of the former king,the maintenance of the father's death and son's succession system,and the writing of Tuyuhun's prosperous prophecy serve the purpose of building the legitimacy of the political power.Secondly,some subtle plots emerged,and it was found that in the early history,there was a dispute over the throne between wuheti and achai,shuluogan and Shiyin,and Nian and his tribe played an important role in stabilizing the royal power.Thirdly,from Tuyuhun's adoption of the Central Plains Style official title and the construction of its "national history",it can be seen that the Sixteen States to the early Northern and Southern Dynasties was the key period from the awakening to the development of Tuyuhun's political consciousness.Another angle is to explore the problems that have not been discussed or debatable by predecessors in the history of the 16 states of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the northern and Southern Dynasties from the perspective of "Literature" and "text".Firstly,it reviews the migration time,initial tribal scale and official establishment of Tuyuhun in the Sixteen Kingdoms period;Putting Tuyuhun in the background of Xianbei tradition,this paper discusses its migration route,chronicle tradition with songs and so on;This paper carefully combs the relationship between Tuyuhun and the surrounding regimes such as the Eastern Jin Dynasty,the Western Qin Dynasty,the southern Liang Dynasty,the northern Liang Dynasty and the Western Qiang Dynasty,as well as the regime development under the interaction of various parties.Secondly,it makes a detailed study on the political power development of the kings of Tuyuhun in the northern and Southern Dynasties and their interaction with the surrounding political powers.This paper discusses the political power center of Tuyuhun in shuluogan and Shiyin periods,and focuses on the writing activities and background of Tuyuhun's "national history" in Shiyin period;This paper combs in detail the relationship between Tuyuhun and the Northern Wei Dynasty,Liu Song Dynasty,Eastern Wei Dynasty,Western Wei Dynasty,Rouran,Turkic and other political powers,especially the expansion and contraction of Tuyuhun's power in the Taohe River and Bailong River basins,as well as the interaction of various parties involved.The fifth chapter,combined with literature and many epitaphs,first discusses in detail a series of policies of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty on Tuyuhun,Yang Di's plan for the expedition of Tuyuhun on his northern tour,and explore the incident of Yang Di's surrender to the Donghua princess in Tuyuhun.Secondly,it combs the escalating contradiction between the Tang Dynasty and Tuyuhun,and finally takes the arrest of pedestrian Zhao Dekai as the fuse to break out the war between the Tang Dynasty and Tuyuhun in the ninth year of Zhenguan.Taking the epitaph material as the clue,this paper reveals the strategy of the Tang Dynasty to support Dangxiang Tuoba to disintegrate the internal alliance of Tuyuhun,and the details of the Tang Dynasty sending Tang Jian to canonize Murong Shun during the Zhenguan period.In addition,it also reveals the process of establishing a new vassal relationship with Tuyuhun in the Tang Dynasty by replacing "Sui's nephew" with "Tang's nephew".Later,Tuyuhun was forced by Tubo.The tribe represented by its royal family was attached to the Tang Dynasty and retreated to Shuofang.In the concept of the Tang people,Tuyuhun destroyed the country.Finally,this chapter discusses the change of Tuyuhun's position in the world order centered on the Central Plains Dynasty from the southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties.After the Tuyuhun royal family entered the Tang Dynasty,the Tang Dynasty continued its relationship with its continuation,marriage and canonization.In Chapter6,taking the newly published epitaph as the clue,combined with the published Tuyuhun royal family epitaph and handed down historical materials,this paper discusses in detail the continuity and meaning of the Khan canonized in the Sui and Tang Dynasties,and rediscusses the identity of Sudumomo and Murongzhong,the Jincheng county princess and the Jinming county princess,The corresponding and kinship relationship is argued and corrected.Then it discusses the succession of the throne after Xuanchao with the clue of three titles,and reveals the clue of the transformation of the Tuyuhun royal family from "king of the western vassal State " to "chief official of China".Therefore,it expands the scope,and reveals the specific application of the strategy of "dividing into several states and weaking its power " in the frontier practice of the Tang Dynasty.The process of Tuyuhun people,represented by Tuyuhun royal family,gradually integrating into China's unified dynasty is a typical case in the formation process of the "pluralistic and integrated pattern of the Chinese nation".