A Studying On The Tuyuhun's Migration In The Tang Dynasty

The Tuyuhun belonged originally to one branch of the Xianbei in Liaodong area. The Xianbei was a nomadic minority nation, who was active in the north area of our country during the medieval period. It was an important branch of the Donghu. the Donghu, whose primitive name was the Tuhe, was active in the northeast area in our country since ancient times, It was the earlist ancestor of the Tuyuhun. Later, because of the horse—combating between two tribes, the Tuyuhun tribe left their earlist habitat with riding for the west, contructed one country centralizing today's Qinghai province. During and after contructing country, the Tuyuhun tribe amalgamated constantly many population nearby, gradually formed the today's Tuyuhun.After the Tuyuhun kingdom was taken by Tibet in the third year of Longshuo period (663) , some Tuyuhun tribes began a large—scale and constant immigration activity, as following:Firstly, on the pretext of its surrending to the Tang empire, Tibet invaded fiercly the Tuyuhun kingdom in the third year of Longshuo period. Nuohebo and the princess of the Tang empire were expelled to Liangzhou with thousands—tribes Tuyuhun population. After several setback, these Tuyuhun population were settled down Mingsha country of Liangzhou. The Tang empire constituted Anlezhou. Nuohebo was nominated the admistraster of Anlezhou with the former Kehan title forever.After the rebellion of An and Shi, the Tuyuhun population were scattered disintegratly on the Shuofang and Hedong area, they were active on the scope of Ningxia's east,Shanxi,Hebei,Neimenggu.During Yifeng period, some Tuyuhun tribes surrendered the Tang empire from Liangzhou. The Tang empire setted up two states near the west of Jingming country of Yanzhou, later, setted up again Hunzhou to settle them down. These Tuyuhun tribes probably immigrated from their native country with the Tuyuhun's imperial kinsmen during Longshuo period. During Shengli period, because of the rebellion in Tibet, many Tuyuhun tribes moved to the Tang empery. Comparing with the former immigrations, this was the largest scale immigration. These Tuyuhun tribes were settled down Hexi area and between Fengzhou and Liangzhou.From the third year of Shengli period to the rebellion of An and Shi, there had several Tuyuhun tribes surrending to the Tang empire during the half of century who were Murongdaonu tribe in the third year of Kaiyuan period and Tibetan tribe living in the south part of Qilian mountain in the eleventh year of Kaiyuan period. These Tuyuhun tribes were probably settled down Hexi area nearby.In the fivth year of Tianbao period, some Tuyuhun tribes living in Molichuan neighbourhood were captured to Hexi and Longyou area by the Hexi and Longyou military governor.By textual research, we knew that the Xiyu area also became a habitat destination for the Tuyuhun population except for Hexi and Longyou area and the central plains. For example, there were Tuyuhun population distribution in Yanqi,Xizhou,Yizhou,Yutian and so on.As far as the Tuyuhun immigration was concerned, there had several reasons for their immigrations:Tibetan invasion into the Tuyuhun kingdom,the fight for rights between ruling class in the Tuyuhun kingdom,the attraction of the wise ethnic policy of the Tang empire and the special treatment for the surrended Tuyuhun population,the cruel exploition and compression from the Tibetan slave—owner on the Tuyuhun remains.Obviously,there had several major characteristics during the Tuyuhun immigration. The immigration lasted a long time, had many destinations and varieties of reasons for the immigrations. The immigration had a close relation with military affairs.The Tuyuhun immigration had a major effect on the immigration area and themselves. Firstly, the immigration influenced greatly political and military struggle in the immigration area. The vast east of Xiyu area where had continuous war activity since ancient times was the important destination for the Tuyuhun. The coming of the Tuyuhun strengthened the defence force of the Tang empire in the whole Xiyu area. They had made significant contribution to stabilize the frontier defence of the Tang empire. To keep the rebellion down, the Tuyuhun population in the central plains had also made the same contribution as the former. Secondly, the Tuyuhun population supplemented the population loss, increased the economic elements in the stock raising of the immigration area. Most parts of the immigration area were in the combination of half agriculture and half stock raising, and many parts had sparse population. The Tuyuhun population increased the economic elements in the stock raising of the immigration area.The immigration impacted gravely the Tuyuhun themselves. It fastened the tuyuhun's amalgamation with other nationalities, made them become one of the Chinese nation big family finally.The basicest factors of the Tuyuhun immigration accounted for the economic structure of the Tuyuhun (kingdom),Tibet,the Tang empire. Comparing with that of the Tang empery, Tibetan productive forces (?)raggled, labour productivity decreased. The domestic population couldn't create more social wealth to satisfy the governor's greedy. So the Tibetan slave—owners had to captured the wealth from silk road. This was the fundamental factor that Tibet inevitably invaded the Tuyuhun kingdom and that Tibetan slave—owner's cruel exploitation on the Tuyuhun population. On the contrary, in the Tang empire, because of the developed productive forces,the practice of equally divided field system and the commercial booming, the national power went up increasingly, which made the ruling class amalgamate the different culture in a containing way. But, the economic structure of the Tuyuhun kingdom was nomadic commercial economy which decided the Tuyuhun kingdom hadn't a concentrating national power. So the Tuyuhun kingdom didn't stand up against the Tibetan aggression.