Research On Old Age Security Of Floating Population In China

The sustained and healthy development of the social economy puts forward higher requirements for the cross-regional allocation of human resources,which has resulted in a huge number of floating populations.Under the current household registration system in China,the floating population generally refers to the population who has been separated from the household registry for half a year or more.According to relevant statistics,in 2018,the total number of floating populations in China is still as high as241 million,and its total number accounts for more than 17% of China's total population.It is an important viable force to maintain the healthy and sustainable development of China's economy and society,and has made a huge contributions to the realization of high-quality economic development in China.Accordingly,in the context of the increasingly emerging trend of social aging in our country,as well as under the objective requirements of establishing universal coverage,urban and rural planning,clear rights and responsibilities,appropriate security,sustainable,and multi-level social security system,how to ensure the old-age security of the floating population,how to ensure that the pension rights of the floating population should be fully maintained,and to continuously improve the old-age security level of the floating population has become an important research topic to realize the goal of The Old-Age Security and Welfare System Benefits the Whole People.In a broad sense,the old-age security is the general name of the income security and service security of the elderly;in a narrow sense,the old-age security is the necessary income to ensure the basic living needs of the elderly,and the income security of the elderly mainly comes from the basic pension system and the old-age relief system.From the perspective of income security,this paper studies the old-age security of floating population.Under the background of current economic and social development,a large number of floating populations leave their registered residence and have extensive mobility throughout the country.However,due to the large dependency on the registered residence system,the long-term floating state of the floating population leads to the lack of protection in the old-age security.It is of great practical significance and theoretical value to study the old-age security of floating population,which has been widely concerned by domestic and foreign researchers.At present,the related research topics of the floating population old-age security cover many aspects,such as the floating population pension insurance system,pension insurance collection supervision,the floating population pension willingness choice and so on,and has achieved fruitful research results.However,further combing found that the existing research based on the behavioral decisionmaking perspective of each subject in the endowment insurance security,research on how it affects the level of old-age security of floating population in China is less.The related research of the floating population old-age security needs to be further expanded and deepened.From the perspective of practical significance,the improvement of the level of old-age security for the floating population has a positive positive effect on reducing the pressure of the floating population pension,which is conducive to releasing labor vitality and improving labor productivity.Therefore,it is necessary to ensure the coverage of the floating population's old-age security,from partial coverage to full coverage,and gradually improve the level of their old-age security.Based on the above practical background and academic background,it is not difficult to find that the key points of the problem of pension security for the floating population in China mainly lie in the following two aspects.Firstly,the system security is not in place and the actual coverage rate is low.The fragmented endowment insurance system is an important reason for the confusion of the floating population's participation and the low participation rate.How to ensure that the floating population can accurately participate in the endowment insurance system and enjoy the basic financial security is an urgent problem to be solved.Secondly,the right and responsibilities in the payment of pension insurance for floating population.Whether the payment and transfer of pension insurance for the floating population is smooth,whether the enterprises can pay the relevant fees for the floating population in full,what kind of supervision attitude the government departments adopt on the issue of endowment insurance fees,and what kind of handling attitude is adopted for the transfer of endowment insurance for the floating population,which has a direct impact on the acquisition of pension security for the floating population.Therefore,while improving the pension security system for migrant workers,we should also improve the system and mechanism that is conducive to the floating population's participation and transfer of endowment insurance,especially in the case of continuous reform of the endowment insurance system,it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of the process of pension insurance participation and transfer of the floating employment population,so as to ensure that employers pay social insurance premium for the floating employment population according to law.This paper starts from the problem,takes the improvement of the coverage level of the floating population pension insurance as the guide,based on the sample data,adopts the method of combining qualitative and quantitative analysis,and conducts research on the pension security system,the pension insurance contribution of the floating population and the transfer and succession of the pension insurance.Full text in order to solve related problems as the goal,based on the analysis of old-age security of the floating population on the basis of the existing problems and reasons,put forward by the old-age security registered cover residence(receive)residence permit covering the reform proposals,aims to expand the floating population to the actual coverage of the endowment insurance,to ensure the endowment insurance ginseng protect personnel to full specified amount of pay cost,ensure the orderly transfer of endowment insurance relation of the floating population,in order to realize endowment insurance of floating population distribution in space and for the whole life cycle.The main research contents include the following parts.The first part,on the basis of reviewing the existing research and relevant policies,analyzes the coverage and actual coverage of the floating population old-age security system.This paper first reviews the old-age security system related to floating population,including the registered residence system,the basic pension insurance system,the transfer system of pension insurance relationship in the transfer process,and clarifies the relevant guarantee system applicable to floating population in the system supply,and determines the coverage of the system.On this basis,by using the methods of descriptive statistics and spatial distribution mapping,this paper analyzes the current situation and main characteristics of the floating population and the status and characteristics of pension insurance participation according to group differences and spatial differences,and specifically analyzes the actual insurance situation of floating population by groups and regions.The second part,combined with the survey data,analyzes the influencing factors of the floating population pension insurance participation decision from the micro personal perspective.The multi category logistics method is adopted to analyze the intention and influencing factors of the floating population's endowment insurance,and the floating population's choice of insurance is divided into four categories,namely,evading insurance,inflow to participate in insurance,household registration insurance,and other areas to participate in insurance.Four aspects are analyzed from the following aspects: individual endowment,economic characteristics,family situation and mobility.After that,the regional influence is added to distinguish the difference of the coverage rate of the floating population in different regions.The third part,using the method of game theory,analyzes the process of pension insurance payment and transfer of floating population,and empirically tests the problems of floating population in the whole process of pension insurance payment from the perspective of floating population,enterprises,local government and central government.Firstly,the principal-agent model is used to analyze the supervision process of the central government and the local government;secondly,based on the pension insurance payment process of the floating population participation,considering the enterprise's evasion of insurance,the supervision degree of the local government and the working hard degree of the floating population,the dynamic stable equilibrium under the tripartite evolutionary game is sought;finally,the supervision of the central government is combined The paper analyzes the common equilibrium of the four sides.Thirdly,the transition process of pension insurance relationship of floating population is essentially an evolutionary game between local governments.The government of inflow and outflow makes a decision on whether to cooperate on the transfer of pension insurance relationship of floating population.From the perspective of game theory,the fundamental reason lies in the different characteristics of floating population and the choice of pension home,which leads to different game equilibria between the inflow and outflow areas,and finally leads to the difference of old-age security level among regions.The fourth part,on the basis of summing up the problems existing in the floating population old-age security and the various reasons affecting the degree of security,from the government,social and personal levels,from the perspective of pension insurance participation,rights transfer,payment and other perspectives,the paper puts forward some suggestions on improving the related system of migrant population oldage security and improving the level of pension insurance relationship transfer Targeted policy recommendations,and ultimately achieve the goal of improving the floating population old-age security system,improve the level of old-age security.After the research and analysis of the full text,this paper draws the following conclusions.Firstly,the floating population has the problem of repeated participation in endowment insurance,and the overall planning level of endowment insurance is low,which leads to different regions and poor cohesion between systems.The endowment insurance system corresponding to the floating population is fragmented and diversified,and the coverage of the floating population is not accurate enough.From the point of view of multi regional integration,there are many problems in the management of pension system.The flexible employment of floating population has a large proportion.Under the current endowment insurance system,it is possible to choose the basic oldage insurance system for urban workers who are insured in the place of inflow or outflow,and the local basic pension insurance system for urban and rural residents is also involved in the registered residence in accordance with the relevant regulations of the household registration area.The transparency of management is insufficient.The basic endowment insurance system for urban employees and the basic endowment insurance system for urban and rural residents are still managed by two lines.The floating population has adverse selection motivation,illegal incentive,opportunism and participation in the two systems at the same time.From the perspective of diversification,no matter the endowment insurance system or the pension service security system,the unified management of the whole country can not be realized in a short time.The whole endowment insurance system is still at the provincial level or municipal level.When formulating specific policies and standards of endowment insurance,there are great differences in terms of payment base,payment rate,or endowment insurance relationship transfer and continuation procedures,which is not conducive to the transfer of rights and interests and provide sufficient protection for the frequent floating population.The existing endowment insurance relations that need to be transferred include not only the transfer after the reform of the endowment insurance system,but also the transition in the process of mobility.The parallel system leads to unclear rights and responsibilities and unclear matters between governments at all levels in the management process,and can not complete the effective connection in the process of endowment insurance transfer and connection,which leads to the loss of basic pension insurance rights and interests of floating population.In addition,there is a lack of unified system and regulations in the whole country,and there is a lack of standards and norms in the industry,and various regions establish operating procedures according to the local conditions,resulting in serious regional imbalance in the pension service security system.Secondly,based on the dynamic monitoring data of the floating population in 2016,the descriptive statistical research on the distribution of the floating population and the actual coverage of the floating population's old-age security shows that the average coverage rate of the floating population in 2016 is only 56.1%,and the eastern region is obviously better than other regions,and the difference between groups is significant.First of all,from the distribution of floating population,there are significant differences in regional distribution and group distribution.From the perspective of regional distribution,the floating population mainly flows to the coastal cities in the eastern region,and is distributed in a ladder form from east to west.The most representative cities are the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration with high degree of marketization and large industrial scale,Guangdong,Hong Kong and Macao Bay area,followed by the Beijing Tianjin Hebei Urban Agglomeration,the middle reaches of the Yangtze River urban agglomeration and the Sichuan Chongqing urban agglomeration.The top 10 provinces in terms of population inflow amount occupy 38.1% of the total floating population.From the perspective of group distribution,78.86% of the total number of floating population under the age of 45,82.09% of rural floating population,and more than 80% of floating population with high school and below education level.The employment rate of the floating population is 81.75%,and the employment rate of men is higher than that of women;more than 50% of the floating population choose to work in individual businesses or become flexible employees;57.39% of the floating population will work as employees with an average wage of 4038.4 yuan / month.The number of families with two or more people gradually increased,and the proportion of families with two or more people gradually expanded.Working and doing business were the main reasons for the mobility.Among them,the elderly floating population mainly took care of their families.Secondly,the floating population also shows obvious spatial distribution and group differences in endowment insurance.The coverage rate of the floating population is obviously higher than that of the northwest,with the highest rate of 59.18% in the eastern region and the lowest rate of 35.26% in the northeast.The average coverage rate of urban agglomerations with floating population is also relatively high.Individuals aged 30-59 have the highest insurance coverage rate,and the coverage rate is more than 55%.The insured rate of floating population with bachelor degree or above is as high as 80.11%.The urban household registration rate of floating population exceeds 14.4% of the rural household registration,and the family insurance rate decreases with the increase of family size.The rate of other places' insurance participation is related to the distribution characteristics of floating population.The more inflow,the higher the insured rate;the less inflow,the lower the insured rate.Finally,in the aspect of endowment insurance transfer and continuation,there are few agencies and managers in the whole country,and the number of people who have completed the transfer and succession is relatively low in the total number of floating population.Thirdly,the results of multivariate logistic model analysis show that the group characteristic factors including individual,family,economy and mobility as well as regional characteristics have significant influence on the willingness to participate in endowment insurance of floating population.The decision-making of endowment insurance for floating population can be divided into four categories: non insured,inflow,registered residence and other places,mainly affected by five factors,the difference of individual endowments,the difference of family characteristics,the difference of economic characteristics,the difference of mobility characteristics,and the regional difference.From the perspective of individual characteristics,at the significant level of 1%,the male floating population's awareness of pension insurance is better than that of female,and they are more inclined to participate in the inflow place.The floating population in urban registered residence and the Han have a strong sense of insurance in the inflow area,and the improvement of education level also promotes the participation of floating population.The age of 45 is the turning point of endowment insurance participation.Before that,the awareness of participating in endowment insurance of age group gradually increased,and then the awareness of participating in the insurance no matter where it is,has decreased significantly.From the perspective of family characteristics,the number of married people participating in endowment insurance is lower than that of unmarried group,family size and the number of children have no significant impact on endowment insurance participation.The level of family income and expenditure and pension insurance participation present positive changes,and the participation rate increases with each increase of groups.From the perspective of economic characteristics,the floating population with employment in secondary industry,with fixed residence,signing labor contract with fixed term and housing has strong willingness to participate in insurance.From the perspective of unit nature,the floating population employed in state-owned enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises has a better insurance participation situation.The increase of wage income level brings about the improvement of insurance willingness,and the people with higher insurance consciousness are in the inflow place Where you own a house,the probability of participating in the insurance will be improved.From the perspective of mobility characteristics,the flow with short duration,inter provincial mobility and migrant business as the main purpose can effectively improve the endowment insurance coverage.From the perspective of regional differences,the floating population in the eastern region prefers to participate in the insurance in the inflow place,and the insurance coverage rate is significantly higher than that in the Midwest and northeast regions.The central region has a relatively significant performance in household registration,while the northeast region prefers to participate in other areas outside the registered residence and the registered residence.Fourth,the central government,local government,enterprises and floating population play a game in the process of the floating population participating in the endowment insurance payment,and the intensity of local government levy is the decisive factor.First of all,in the process of collection,the central government and local government have a principal-agent asymmetric information game.Secondly,the local government,enterprises and floating population have evolutionary game about payment and rights and interests protection,seeking a relatively stable state.Finally,considering that the central government has an impact on the tripartite game through the degree of transfer payment between the central government and the local government,the simulation analysis of the relative stable point of the four parties shows that the government's strength in the process of collecting endowment insurance is the key to guarantee the full payment of the floating population's endowment insurance,which is manifested in the central government's strengthening the collection process of local government and endowment insurance The strict supervision in the transfer process,timely audit of social security fund,and the strengthening of the local government's examination of enterprise endowment insurance payment.The reform of tax system can effectively assist the local government to review the payment of endowment insurance,so as to ensure the coverage and full compliance rate of pension insurance for floating population,and reduce the endowment insurance of floating population from the source Loss of equity.Fifthly,the transfer of pension insurance for floating population is affected by the interest game among governments at all levels.The lower the cost the government needs to pay in the transfer,the higher the additional income obtained after the transfer,the easier the transfer.Whether the floating population can transfer the endowment insurance relationship smoothly depends on the improvement of the social security service platform's openness,transparency and efficiency,and also on the improvement of the floating population's pension insurance awareness.The research results of this paper have reference value for improving the system coverage and actual participation of the floating population old-age security,ensuring that the government maintains clear rights and responsibilities,equality and justice,orderly and transparent in the pension insurance payment and pension transfer continuity,which is helpful to further improve China's floating population old-age security system and improve the level of government management.There are three main innovations in this paper.First,it studies the regional distribution differences of the floating population old-age security system with the method of spatial econometric analysis.Using a more intuitive method to analyze and sort out the distribution of floating population and the pension insurance participation of floating population,the differences of old-age security in different regions are more clearly positioned,which provides ideas for accurately solving the problem of insufficient old-age security for floating population.Second,the game theory is used to analyze the behavior decision of the main body in the insurance payment and pension transfer of floating population.The game theory is used to analyze the game among the central government,local government,enterprises and floating population in the process of pension insurance payment.The principal-agent model between the central government and the local government and the evolutionary game among the local government,enterprises and floating population are respectively used to analyze the stable equilibrium between the parties So as to ensure the compliance of the floating population in the insurance process.In addition,this paper uses evolutionary game method to analyze the strategic choice of local governments in the transfer and succession of pension insurance for floating population,and obtains the influencing factors of local government behavior selection through evolutionary game,so as to achieve the purpose of reducing the loss of pension rights and interests of floating population and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of floating population.The third is to systematically analyze the basic pension insurance payment and rights transfer of floating population,so as to provide reference for optimizing the endowment insurance system.The author has carried on the systematic analysis to the floating population's old-age security question,which has covered the floating population old-age insurance security main link from the participation collection to the full payment and then to the endowment insurance transfer.This paper analyzes the coverage of endowment insurance from two aspects of individual and macro management,and explains the selection of participating places of endowment insurance from the micro perspective,and puts forward new solutions to the management of oldage security of floating population combining with the existing big data,cloud computing,Internet of things and other new technologies.These views and suggestions can provide reference for optimizing the old-age security system.