| According to the seven Chinese national population census,the proportion of the population aged 65 and above keeps rising.By the end of 2021,China's population was 1,412.6 million and the population of aged 65 and above was accounting for14.20%.China has officially entered the stage of moderate population aging.Because of its long-term complex impact on social development,the Population Aging has affected China's economic and social development.In 2021,the "three-child policy" came along with the lowest birth rate.The continuous extension of healthy life expectancy and the widespread existence of grandparent caring phenomenon,the sharp contrast between above social reality and future development expectations make it necessary to conduct a more detailed study on inter-generational care and labor supply of the elderly.This paper aims to enrich the study of labor supply of the elderly in labor economics and the analysis of inter-generational care in the sociology of gerontology,and to provide countermeasures for actively coping with the dilemma of aging and the simultaneous arrival of fewer children.The core content of this paper includes three parts.In terms of the theoretical research and mechanism design,this paper considers the active development of elderly human resources and the development status of inter-generational care for the elderly as the basis of the topic and realistic basis,starting with the three-division model of family labor supply,and then analyzes the decision-making path of the elderly in the conflict between inter-generational care and labor supply.This paper has constructed the quartering labor supply time distribution model which includes "leisure-market labor-family labor-inter-generational care",providing the theoretical model basis and research guidance for empirical analysis.In terms of the reality research,based on the data of the 7th National Population Census and the China Population and Employment Statistical Yearbook,macro reality analysis is conducted from the perspectives of China's current population structure,aging development trend and labor supply of the elderly population.This paper expounds the total amount and structure of the old people who provide labor supply,the characteristics of supply and development,and the characteristics of the old people who are more inclined to provide inter-generational care by comparing with the current situation of inter-generational care for the elderly abroad?Therefore we confirmed the necessity of studying labor supply and inter-generational care for the elderly.In the part of empirical analysis,the data of CHARLS and CFPS were used to analyze the decision-making of the elderly providing inter-generational care in labor participation and labor supply time under the influence of controlling personal,social,family,economic and other factors with inter-generational care as the core explanatory variable.This paper has constructed a Logit model for labor participation and a Tobit model for labor supply time and conducted empirical analysis;Robustness was tested by IVprobit,propensity matching score,temporal samples and regional samples test.Heterogeneity was tested based on differences in the characteristics of inter-generational care providers and recipients;Finally,the dynamic test was carried out through the experience of inter-generational care,and the mediating effect of health was further analyzed.Through the above theoretical analysis,normative analysis and empirical test,the conclusions of this paper are as follows:According to the main regression analysis results,providing inter-generational care for the elderly will significantly reduce their market labor participation rate and labor supply time.Especially in 2018,two years after the implementation of the universal two-child policy,the regression results of the surveyed samples showed that the negative impact of inter-generational care on labor participation rate was more than twice that before the implementation of the universal two-child policy.This also fully reveals the conflict between the policy of encouraging birth and the policy of developing human resources of the elderly,and the dilemma of the elderly in the balance between work and family decision-making,which proves the practical significance of the thesis.From the heterogeneity analysis,it can be concluded that the negative impact of inter-generational care on the labor force participation rate and labor supply time of elderly women is greater than that of elderly men.And the negative impact of inter-generational care on labor participation rate and labor supply time of married elderly female is greater than that of married elderly male,single female and male elderly;grandparent caring has a significant negative impact on labor participation and labor supply time of the younger elderly.Meanwhile the negative impact is greater than that of the elder elderly.Compared with the elderly living in rural areas,the elderly living in urban areas provided with inter-generational care has a greater negative impact on their labor participation and supply time.For the elderly living with their children and those without children living in the same city or county,providing inter-generational care has a greater negative impact on their labor participation and labor supply time.The effect of inter-generational care on the labor participation of the elderly is significant when the grandchildren are cared during the daytime,but not when the grandchildren are cared for at night.The younger the grandchild is,the more negative the grandparent caring behavior has on the provider's labor participation.From the analysis of dynamic test and health mediating effect test,it is concluded that the previous inter-generational care experience has a significant negative impact on labor participation and labor supply time in the current period;Since both current and past inter-generational care can significantly deteriorate the physical and mental health of the elderly,the mediating effect of inter-generational care on the labor supply of the elderly was found to be masked when health status was verified as a mediating factor.Based on the conclusions of this paper,four policy suggestions are put forward.First,the provision of public childcare services and market-based child care should be expanded.It is suggested to fully mobilize social forces,expand the supply of public childcare services,establish a childcare system for infants and young children,improve industry rules and supervision,and integrate the inter-generational care system provided by the elderly into the formal infant care service system.Secondly,it is suggested to balance the burden of family care,protect women's employment rights and promote female labor force participation rate.The government should improve the relevant laws on the protection of female workers,especially after the implementation of the universal three-child policy,where women are more vulnerable in employment.The government and society should take multiple measures to encourage men to actively participate in family care and child care.Thirdly,we should expand the labor supply of the elderly by implementing the policy of delaying retirement.This can be realized through an elastic retirement mechanism to ensure the implementation of the steady of the implementation of the delay retirement policy.We should also consider the characteristics of different industries,different labor market pilot batches.It is more important to improve further perfect the elderly retired re-employment policy of the market,and to improve the "labor law" the retirement age or older in the rights and interests safeguard.Finally,more guidance and service support should be provided to the care providers.Strengthen training in the care skills of the elderly and the educational knowledge of children in providing inter-generational care,and guide the elderly to focus on improving their physical and mental health and human capital quality while providing inter-generational care.This paper focuses on the influence of inter-generational care to labor supply for the elderly.In the context of the aging population and the coexistence of fewer children,It comprehensively uses of theoretical analysis,practical analysis and empirical analysis research methods,discusses the possible contradictions between actively developing human resources for the elderly and actively promoting fertility policy,and tries to put forward improving and facilitating policy suggestions.But with the progress and development of the society,limited by the availability of the objective data and the limitations of research ability,and encouraging birth policy after the short effective effect,the concrete influence of inter-generational care on labor supply of the elderly can differ,so the conclusion of this research paper also inevitably has some particularity. |
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