Research On Services Employment Effects Of Trade In China's Services

Employment problem has always been one of the major economic and socialproblems highly concerned by governments and academia circle. For China which is inthe critical period of development pattern restructuring and structure upgrading, Thecurrent employment situation remains severe, and effective solutions to the employmentproblem is key to the health and sustainable development, restructuring and upgrading ofChina's economy, the top priority to protect and improve people's livelihood, and asignificant strategic task of building a moderately prosperous society. Service industry,known as "reservoir" of absorbing employment, has become the biggest industry thatabsorbed employment at present. Therefore, the employment problem in services is thecore of national employment problem.Since H-O theory is proposed, the relationship between international trade andemployment has become a hot topic in the academic and practical departments to discuss,and both the theoretical research department and empirical research department regardthat international trade is an important factor affecting employment in a country or region.As the international economic structure transformed from the "industrial economy" to a"service economy", modern revolution of science and technology, informationtechnology progress and the general agreement on trade in services(GATS) are signedand put into practice, global trade in services got vigorous development. Meanwhile,development of China's trade in services also has made remarkable achievements,especially since the accession to the WTO, as we gradually fulfilled a series ofcommitments we made for joining the WTO, the pace of China's trade in servicesliberalization is more rapid, growth rate of China's imports and exports in servicesaveraged18.6%and15.1%respectively, during the2004s and2012s, significantlyhigher than the world average growth rate by9.4%and9.63%, and their world rankingroses from eighth and ninth in2004to third and fifth in2012respectively. So, how doesChina's trade in services impact employment in China's services? What is the impactingmechanism? Answers to these questions have important theoretical and practicalsignificance for China to how to solve the employment problem of services and even the whole country more effectively.For employment, it includes the employment quantity and employment quality, ofwhich, the employment structure, labor demand elasticity and the employment risk andwages is important feature of the employment quality. In order to deeply andsystematically analyze the employment effects of trade in services on China's services,this paper carried out theoretical and empirical research from the four dimensions ofemployment number, employment structure, employment risk and employment gains, atthe same time, in order to ensure the accuracy and scientificalness of the conclusions,theoretical and empirical study in this paper were launched from multipledimensions.The full text is composed of seven parts, Chapter I introduces the researchbackground, significance, review of the literature, research content, research methods andinnovation; Chapter II is theoretical analysis, analysising the employment effects of tradein services from two perspective of employment quantity and employment quality, studyabout influence of trade in services to employment quality is carried out from theemployment structure, labor demand elasticity and the employment risk and wages;Chapter III to Chapter VI is empirical research, making empirical research on the impactof trade in services on the employment quantity, employment structure, labor demandelasticity and employment risk and wages; the last chapter is the full text summary andpolicy recommendations. Based on the above research, this article draws the followingmain conclusions:1.In general, the effect of imports and exports in services on the number of servicesemployment is significant Positive, further empirical resesrch shows from enterpriseregistration type, the different technology level of service industry and Labor proficiency,the impact of trade in services on employment quantity is of significant heterogeneity inbusinesses, industries and skill, imports and exports in services have promoting effectson employment of other units, while the impact on the number of owned units and urbanunits employment is negative; exports in services reduces the number of jobs in lowtechnical services sector, and the impact on the number of jobs in high-tech servicesindustry is significantly positive, imports in services has positive impacts on the numberof jobs in low-technology services industry and the high-tech service industries; importsand exports in services have positive impacts on the employment of both skilled and unskilled labor in China's services, but its impact on the employment of skilled labor isgreater than which on unskilled labor.2. Imports in services has negative influences on employment structure optimizationof services, while exports in services produces a favorable impact, but these conclusionsdiffer when specifically referred to different gender and different skill levels of labor,among which the negative impacts of imports in services on employment structure ofmale labor is greater than that of female labor, and the negative impacts on employmentstructure in low-technology industry is greater than which is in the high-tech industries.Unlike imports in services, the positive impacts of exports in services on employmentstructure of male labor is greater than that of female, and its positive impact on theemployment structure in high-tech industries is greater than the low-tech industries.3. Labor demand elasticity "paradox " exists in China's services,namely that risingreal wages can increase the demand for labor in services. Imports in services hasinhibitory effect on labor demand elasticity in services, and exports in services plays arole in enhancing labor demand elasticity in services, indicating that imports in servicesdecreases the employment risk of labor market in services, exports in services enhancesemployment risk, due to the promoting effect of exports in services is greater than theinhibition effect of imports in services, trade in services in general strengthens theemployment risk in services labor market. Further study finds that the inhibition effect ofservice imports on elasticity of labor demand for women is stronger than man from laborgender and different skill levels, while the promotion effect of exports in services isweaker than men, and demand elasticity of low-skilled labor affected by trade in servicesis most intense, followed by high-skilled labor, and medium-skilled labor is minimum. Inshort, the strengthening effect of trade in services on the employment risk of male laborforce is greater than that of female, trade in services weakens the employment risk oflow-skilled labor, while strengthens the employment risk of high-skilled labor force, andits impacts on the employment risk of medium-skilled labor force is difficult todetermine.4. The overall impacts of imports and exports in services on the services wages aresignificantly positive. These conclusions vary from different technical level of serviceindustry and differen tregistration types of business, impacts of exports in services on the wage level of high-tech industry is significantly positive, while the impact on low-technology industry is significantly negative, wage level of the state-owned unit havebeen significantly promoted, while collective units and other units are not significantlyinfluenced; and unlike exports, imports in services has a significantly positive impact onwage level of state-owned units, other units and the service sector of different technicallevel, but does not significantly affect wage level of collective units.