Research On Employment Effect Of Child Care

According to the CFPS survey data,more than 97% of 0-3 children and 70%of children aged 3-6 are responsible by family for the day's primary care services.Under the reality of family care,child care issues not only affect social fertility willingness and fertility choices,but also the employment problems of family caregivers.At present,relevant researches at domestic and abroad have made some analysis in exploring the employment effects of child care,but there are still many places to be expanded and deepened,especially based on different social and cultural backgrounds.For example,how to understand the current relationship between child care and employment based on the two macro backgrounds of low fertility and aging in China? In the current Chinese society,how does the child care activities provided by children's mothers affect their employment behavior?What is the alternative relationship between maternal childcare and the grandparent childcare? What is the relationship between grandparent childcare and ancestral employment? How does market care resources affect the grandparent childcare behavior of the ancestors? Is the Chinese preschool education development policy which similar to the childcare policy significantly promoting the employment of children's mothers,as found in foreign studies? How does this policy affect the employment behavior of the ancestors? The answer to these key questions is of great significance for ensuring the sustained and effective supply of social labor resources and building a comprehensive and efficient child care system.To this end,based on the existing research at domestic and abroad,this paper uses the advanced research methods to analyze the employment impact of different child care methods on children's mothers and grandparents from the perspectives of family,market and government.Therefore,under the current Chinese reality,the employment effect of child care mode has been comprehensively studied,in order to provide scientific policy recommendations for the effective use of social labor resources and the construction of child care system in China.The full text consists of 7 chapters,the first chapter is the introduction,from the second chapter to the forth chapter is the basis of the analysis of this article,the fifth chapter examines the employment influence of different child care methods from the perspectives of family,market and government.Chapter 8 is the conclusions and policy recommendations of this paper.Specifically:In Chapter 2,we first review the economic starting point of child care issues and the economic basis of child care policy in foreign research,and provide a theoretical starting point for the study of the full text.Then,from the perspective of empirical research,the domestic and international research on child care and female employment,employment of the elderly and employment effects of child care policies are reviewed and reviewed,so as to reflect the research value of this paper.The third chapter mainly discusses the realistic logical starting point of this research from the two perspectives of China's low fertility rate and aging.This chapter first analyzes the potential challenges of China's current and future low fertility and aging on the supply of social labor resources,and then sorts out the characteristics of current Chinese child care.Finally,based on the analysis of the above two points,it discusses the relationship between child care and caregivers' employment.The analysis in Chapter 4 provides a theoretical basis for the research in this paper.This chapter firstly analyzes the theoretical logic of child care and female employment in a single-stage model based on Becker's(1991)family production theory.Then,under the framework of a two-stage intergenerational time transfer model,the economic basis behind the intergenerational time transfer model of intergenerational care is discussed,and the theoretical mechanism of market care for infants and young children affects intergenerational care.Based on the perspective of two generations of nuclear families,Chapter 5uses the latest micro survey data from China to empirically test the impact of the role of children's mothers as children's “main caregivers during the day”.Although foreign studies have analyzed the relationship between child care and employment of children's mothers from many angles,there is very little literature on the relationship between children's mothers as the main caregivers of children aged 0-6 and their employment during the day.Domestic research is even more lacking.This chapter begins with the conclusion of the “ Work-Family Production Model” of Child Care in Section 4.1.Based on the analysis of the current experience of child care and female employment in the context of Chinese society,this paper empirically examines the relationship between child care and female employment.Finally,from the perspective of three generations of families,a more detailed analysis of the alternative relationship between children's mother care and ancestral care.Chapter 6 combines family and market roles.Firstly,based on the perspective of market roles,it discusses the impact of market care resources on family care behaviors.Then,based on the perspective of family roles,it analyzes the relationship between generational care and employment of middle-aged and elderly people.Based on the theoretical analysis in Section 4.2,this chapter integrates the supply of market nursery resources,the care of grandchildren and the employment of middle-aged and elderly people into a unified analytical framework,theoretically demonstrates the relationship between the three,and expands the existing research based solely on family economics or employment issues for the elderly analyze the framework of child care and employment relationships among middle-aged and older people.In the empirical analysis,based on the CHNS data,from the three dimensions of community availability,ease of use and cost of use,the impact of community-based resource characteristics in different dimensions on the grandparent childcare was analyzed.Then use the cost of market care in community as IV for grandparent childcare,and empirically test the causal relationship between grandparent childcare and grandparents' employment.In the conclusion of the study,it was found that grandparent care significantly reduced the probability of ancestral labor participation and increased the probability of retirement,further enriching the findings of a few studies.Chapter 7 is based on the “Work-Family Production” theory of child care and the intergenerational time transfer model.Using the preschool education development policy implemented in China in 2010,it evaluates how preschool education development policies similar to childcare policies affect employment of children's mothers and grandparents.And the possible impact of these policies on child care options and family childcare expenditures.To reflect the role of government roles in child care.This chapter first analyzes the impact of policies on the employment of children's mothers and ancestors,combined with the facts of child care in China.The assessment of the impact of policies on the employment of children's ancestors has expanded the analytical perspective on the employment effects of child care policies at domestic and abroad.This chapter examines the supply situation of regional childcare resources from the two aspects of the absolute number of childcare resources and the relative gap between supply and demand of childcare resources,making the identification dimension of policies more diverse.The use of triple differential(DDD)method also better controls fixed trends and other policy shocks from the region,and the conclusions obtained are more stable.Finally,compared with the latest research based on domestic provincial-level data,this chapter uses data from the prefecture-level nursery resources which is more micro,so that the value of policy variables changes more and better reflects the space and time dimension of nursery resources in different prefecture.Through the above analysis,the paper draws the following main conclusions:First,caring for children aged 0-6 can significantly reduce the labor participation of children's mothers,but the impact on weekly average working hours is not statistically significant.This shows that the impact of caring for children aged 0-6 on the employment of women aged 20-45 is more reflected in the issue of “whether doing” rather than “doing more and less”.Therefore,it can be considered that the “work-family” relationship of young Chinese women is inelastic.The obstruction effect of care children aged 0-6 on female labor supply has obvious heterogeneity in the age and quantity of children and the urban-rural type of residence.In addition,child care can significantly hinder women's career development and reduce wage income.Further analysis found that the childcare provided by the ancestors had a significant substitution effect on the childcare provided by the children's mother,and this substitution decreased as the number of children increased,and as the minimum children's age increased,it first rose and then decreased feature.Secondly,the impact of community care resources on the care of the ancestors is mainly reflected in the cost of child care.The increase in the cost of child care will significantly increase the probability of grandparent childcare and the length of care each week.The community whether have childcare resources and the distance of care resources has no significant effect on grandparent childcare.grandparent childcare will significantly reduce the labor participation of children's ancestors.Providing childcare will significantly reduce the probability of labor participation of middle-aged and elderly people by about 20%.The increase of the labor participation probability of the ancestors will be significantly reduced by about 6% for each additional hour.The length of the week's care will also significantly increase the probability of ancestor retirement,and the intensity of grandparent childcare will have a greater impact on the labor participation of male and rural ancestors.Finally,based on the statistical analysis of the data before and after the policy,it is found that the pre-school education development policy implemented in China in 2010 has promoted the rapid growth of the total amount of pre-school education resources,but this is more caused by the increase of pre-school education resources in urban areas.The development of preschool education resources in rural areas is still lagging,and the gap with urban areas is expanding.Econometric analysis found that the above policy will only significantly increase the labor participation of women aged 2-6 in urban areas,and has no significant impact on non-agricultural employment of rural sample women.The huge differences in the distribution of urban and rural preschool education resources may explain this significant difference in urban and rural employment effects.The preschool education development policy has no significant effect on the labor participation of middle-aged and elderly people(55-69 years old)with children aged 2-6 years in home.The results of regression have not found significant policy effects by urban and rural group.There is an alternative relationship between preschool children's institutional care and family care,and no preschool education resources have been found to have a significant impact on urban family child care expenses.