Research On International Unequal Exchange

International unequal exchange is an important part of Marxist political economy and an international extension of Marx's labor value theory.Under the development of modern world economy and international trade,does international unequal exchange still exist?Is there any theoretical value and practical significance?It is an important subject in the study of contemporary Marxist theory.In foreign academic circles,the research in this field has accumulated,but it is relatively weak in China,especially the lack of systematic thematic research.This paper is to make a positive attempt in this area,and contribute to the innovation research with Chinese characteristics in this field.When the spatial production of value is divorced from its geographical distribution,there will be unequal exchange.In the international market,in addition to the unequal exchange caused by monopoly price,even if the exchange is conducted according to the equal international value,there may still be inequality of labor exchange behind it.The fact that the quantity of labor is not equal under the large and lasting international exchange leads to the further differentiation between countries.At present,the direct cause of international unequal exchange is the heterogeneity between national economic structures,which is manifested in capital structure,labor productivity,international industrial division and so on.In the world market,due to different levels of productivity development,the exchange between developed countries and underdeveloped countries is an international unequal exchange,which is determined by the inherent logic of capitalist production relations.Based on Marx's theory of labor value,this paper studies the problem of international unequal exchange from the following three aspects.First,the theoretical innovation of international unequal exchange.With the development of modern economy and international trade,great changes have taken place in the internal mechanism and influencing factors of international unequal exchange.The existing domestic and foreign studies have not systematically analyzed the formation mechanism of international unequal exchange in view of these new changes,and lack of effective analysis methods of international unequal exchange.On the basis of combing and studying the development of international unequal exchange theory,this paper continues the discussion on hot issues of theoretical disputes,and creatively interprets the three basic relations of international unequal exchange.It points out that unequal labor volume exchange is the concrete manifestation of exchange inequality in modern international exchange.It also discusses the profit rate equalization of international unequal exchange in the past theoretical studies It is helpful to clarify the concept of international unequal exchange and to clarify the theoretical boundary of international unequal exchange.Correspondingly,this paper analyzes the international production price,the relative value of money and labor input,and forms the new framework of international unequal exchange theory.In terms of the essence of international unequal exchange,this paper critically proposes that international unequal exchange is international exploitation,analyzes the contradictory relationship between accumulation and exploitation,and uses the analytical framework of single factor and two commodities to illustrate that international unequal exchange is one through different changes of labor productivity and different distribution of trade interests in two commodity sectors of case countries The process of dynamic change has obvious characteristics of stage evolution.Second,the measurement of international unequal exchange.In this paper,the comparative analysis method is used to construct the index.Firstly,the current labor input vector is iteratively summarized as the total input,the price summary of the inputoutput system is taken as the total output,and the ratio of the two constructs the labor input proportion index;secondly,on the basis of the theory of relative value of money,the ratio of purchasing power parity index and nominal exchange rate is regarded as currency undervaluation Indicators.The double index system constructed in this paper is not only a measure of international inequality exchange "quantity",but also a qualitative means of international inequality "existence".After measuring and analyzing the international data and China's data,it is considered that the countries or economies participating in the international exchange are in different stages of social productivity development and have different economic structure heterogeneity,and there are significant characteristics of international unequal exchange.Among them,the calculation results of world data show that the developing countries are generally in a weak position of international unequal exchange.When they trade with developed countries,there is unequal labor exchange and value transfer out.The results show that China,as a developing country,is obviously in an unequal and weak position in international exchange with developed countries and regions such as the United States,the European Union and Japan.It is also found that the international unequal exchange between China and western developed countries is a dynamic process.Since China's reform and opening up,the inequality has been converging year by year.It can be seen that China is gradually narrowing the gap with developed countries through its own efforts.Third,the empirical analysis of international unequal exchange.Using case analysis method,this paper analyzes the heterogeneity of international exchange subjects,summarizes the main influencing factors of international unequal exchange,and makes the basic assumption that the differences of labor productivity,industrial division and trading system affect international unequal exchange.On this basis,eight modern economic index variables,such as average GDP of employed population,unemployment rate and proportion of medium and high-tech industries,are selected Based on the panel data of 91 countries(1997-2019)in the world bank human development index database,this paper constructs a fixed effect econometric model,and carries out regression statistical analysis and hypothesis verification.The results show that,except for the foreign capital inflow index,the selected economic variables have significant correlation with the explained index variables of international unequal exchange,which indicates that the conclusion that labor productivity,industrial division and other heterogeneous factors affect international unequal exchange is tenable.This paper argues that the differentiation effect of international unequal exchange has been confirmed by the real world performance.There are obvious differences in capital accumulation efficiency and development speed among countries in different status of international unequal exchange.The terms of trade of vulnerable countries are deteriorating.The inequality of international income distribution is more related to the differences between countries.In short,international unequal exchange has deepened the international division.