| Over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up,China has made remarkable explorations and made remarkable achievements,but there are still some social problems that have not been properly solved in the process of development,among which it is imperative to maximize the degree of differentiation of basic public services by benefiting all social citizens with great achievements in reform and development and ensuring the social welfare of social citizens fairly,justly and effectively.Compared with China's rapid economic growth,regional and urban-rural development is still unbalanced,so how to effectively narrow the gaps between regions and urban-rural areas in academia and practice has attracted much attention.And the realization of urban and rural basic public services equalization must be a long-term dynamic process.Nowadays,the construction and development of basic public services is not only the goal requirement of public utilities in the national economy and social development but also the inherent requirement of building a service-oriented government in an all-around way.And China's basic public services in different regions and between urban and rural areas,there are still problems such as inadequate development,uneven quality,service level,and economic and social development is not suitable.Therefore,exploring the differentiation of basic public services at the regional and urban-rural levels and effectively solving the problem of "reducing the gap" can effectively guarantee and improve the social development and construction focusing on public services such as education,health care,old-age care,environment and transportation,and can also effectively guarantee the survival and diversified development needs of all social residents,and promote the improvement of the overall welfare level of society,to realize the basic right to survival and development of the people.To this end,from the theoretical and empirical point of view,this paper explores the differentiation of basic public services from the two dimensions of the region and urban and rural areas and enhances the fit between the thesis research and reality through an empirical study of narrowing the regional and urban-rural gaps of basic public services.And it can effectively face up to the differences in the scale,quality,and development trend of supply between provinces,east,central and western regions,and can also alleviate the poverty gap between urban and rural residents caused by the dual economic structure system,which is conducive to the balanced development of basic public services supply between regions and urban and rural areas,alleviate and eliminate the current social contradictions and build a harmonious society.The main purpose of this paper is to objectively evaluate the financial mechanism of the non-equalization of basic public services in urban and rural areas during the study period,taking region and urban and rural areas as the research objects,and studying in-depth from a theoretical point of view.And the differences and convergence between regions and urban and rural areas of the average supply level of basic public services in China can be examined respectively.Besides,based on measuring the level of equalization in the evaluation system of basic public services in urban and rural areas in the region,the systematic financial countermeasures and suggestions for achieving the goal of equalization of basic public services in urban and rural areas are put forward by empirically analyzing the degree of impact of differences at the regional and urban-rural levels and the means of realizing the "difference effect".First of all,it expounds on the realistic background and significance of the study on the regional and urban-rural gaps of basic public services.Collecting and organizing domestic and foreign research results related to regional and urban-rural gaps of basic public services.From the basic public services theory,supply influence factors,the evaluation of supply mechanism,as well as regional and urban-rural disparity and causes,respectively,based on the literature review,put forward the possible in-depth study of the entry point.Secondly,it analyzes a comprehensive theoretical basis and mechanism of action around the regional and urban-rural gaps of basic public services.By defining definitions that are closely related to their research,this paper focus on the analysis of China's basic public services areas and urban-rural gap generation mechanism,including the analysis of the mechanism between the financial system and the basic public services area and the urban-rural gap,under the characteristics of regional and urban-rural personality,the regional endowment gap,the perspective of urban-rural duality and the mechanism analysis between the regional gap between basic public services and the urban-rural gap between basic public services.It helps construct the principle of the formation of the regional and urban-rural gaps of basic public services.Through combing and discussing the theoretical basis of the financial function in the supply of basic public services,from the theory of social justice,welfare economics,and the evolution of the new public service,the three theories explain the natural logic,fundamental purpose,and objective mechanism of the financial function in the supply of basic public services.Through the financial mechanism analysis of the three major financial factors of fiscal decentralization,the degree of fiscal self-financing,and transfer payment,it analyzes the effect on the regional and urban-rural gap of basic public services.Thirdly,the differentiation and convergence of urban and rural supply in basic public services areas are analyzed.According to the attributes and actual data sources of regional and urban areas,31 objectives including provinces and cities in China from 2011 to 2018 and 30 objectives including provinces and cities from 2015 to 2018 be set respectively,among then,it sets 27 and 41 specific indicators respectively to build a regional basic public services indicator system and urban and rural basic public services evaluation index system.And then,calculating the equalization of basic public services in China's regions and urban and rural areas by the coefficient of variation and entropy method to measure the difference between the level of basic public services supply between regions and urban and rural areas,and the index of the differentiation of basic public services between regions and urban and rural areas,and to analyze the heterogeneity of space-time using ArcGIS 10.2 software.In the use of panel data for ?general convergence and spatial convergence analysis,further convergence test shows that:overall,the regional and urban and rural basic public services equalization level of convergence coefficients are negative,and statistical indicators are significant,indicating that China's regional and urban and rural basic public services equalization level there is a clear absolute convergence trend.And In the club convergence test,the region of our country is divided into three regions the east,middle,and west to analyze the convergence trend between regions.The results show that the three regions of the basic public services differentiation water level show a shrinking convergence trend.And the convergence rate of basic public services in the three regions with a lower level of regional basic public services equalization in the central and western regions faster than the eastern region with a higher level of equalization,and eventually tend to equal level.Then,this paper conducts an empirical study on the regional and urban-rural gaps of basic public services.From the first step,the effects of fiscal policy to narrow the regional gap in basic public services are analyzed empirically using the basic and expansion models respectively.Basic analysis selects the financial system,economic and social dimensions of the three dimensions of the factors of the formation of china's regional basic public services differentiation factors for spatial empirical analysis.Expand analysis selects the financial expenditure of "production preference type" and"social preference ",and uses the dynamic spatial model to study the direct impact and spatial overflow of local government behavior preference under different financial expenditure on the differentiation of basic public services in various regions in China.The empirical conclusions of the basic analysis show that China's regional basic public services supply level has significant spatial self-correlation,and shows a significant spatial overflow situation,through the spatial panel return optimal screening and empirical analysis,per capita fiscal expenditure,per capita national net subsidy,per capita GDP level,urban population density and urbanization rate of China's basic public services equalization level has a significant positive impact,and the degree of fiscal expenditure decentralization has a significant negative impact on it.Further through the spatial coefficient test,it is concluded that the proportion of per capita fiscal expenditure,the per capita GDP level,and the urbanization rate have a significant negative spatial spillover effect on the improvement of the level of equalization of basic public services in China,while there is a positive spillover effect on the degree of fiscal expenditure decentralization.And then through empirical analysis of different regions in the east,middle and west,it is showed that the marginal contribution of the degree of fiscal expenditure decentralization,per capita fiscal expenditure,per capita national net subsidy,urban population density,and urbanization to the level of equalization of basic public services in the central and western regions is significantly higher than that of the eastern regions.The empirical conclusion of the expansion analysis shows that the positive impact of the degree of fiscal expenditure decentralization,per capita national net subsidy,fiscal dependence rate,per capita GDP level,urbanization rate,and urban population density on the expenditure of "productive" basic public services in transportation is significantly higher than that of "social-type" basic public services expenditure in education,health care,and social security.Further through the spatial coefficient test,the relationship between the degree of fiscal expenditure decentralization,the degree of fiscal self-financing,the per capita GDP level,and government health and medical expenditure is significantly negative,while the relationship between the degree of fiscal expenditure decentralization and the degree of fiscal self-financing has the opposite effect on education expenditure.And then by adding the virtual variables of the eastern,central,and western regions,it is concluded that the expenditure preference of local governments in backward areas is more inclined to "production-oriented" basic public services than in developed regions.From the second step,the effect of fiscal policy to narrow the regional and urban-rural gaps of basic public services is empirically analyzed using the basic and expansion models respectively.Basic analysis selects the three dimensions of the financial system,economic level,and social level of the influence factors of China's urban and rural basic public services to form the factors of spatial empirical analysis.The expanded analysis is an empirical study on the impact of the elasticity of public goods demand income and the financial transfer payment on the supply of basic public services between urban and rural areas in China.By selecting data from the China Household Tracking Survey Panel for 2014,2016,and 2018,the paper makes an empirical analysis of the poverty reduction effects of 5,754 rural households in 28 provinces in China and uses Logit ostracization to dynamically analyze the direction and effect of government financial transfer payments on narrowing the economic gap between urban and rural areas.The empirical conclusions of the basic analysis show that there is a significant spatial correlation between the level of basic public services supply between urban and rural areas in China,and shows a significant spatial overflow.Besides through optimal screening and empirical analysis of space panel return,the economic gap between urban and rural areas and per capita national net subsidy have a significant positive impact on the level of equalization of basic public services in urban and rural areas in China.Among them,the marginal contribution brought about by the economic gap between urban and rural areas is the largest,and between the degree of fiscal expenditure decentralization,per capita fiscal expenditure,the degree of fiscal self-financing have a significant negative impact on it.And then by using the spatial coefficient test,the spatial lag coefficient of the explanatory variable of china's urban and rural basic public services differentiation index is significantly negative,which shows that there is a certain spatial correlation between the level of urban and rural basic public services differentiation in China.The empirical conclusion of the expansion analysis shows that public transfer payments have significant poverty reduction effects on rural households,whether in multi-dimensional poverty or income poverty,and more significant effects on improving long-term multi-dimensional poverty models than long-term income poverty models.Besides,the income elasticity of rural households' demand for education and health two types of public goods was measured in three study years,and whether public transfer payments had a strong effect on improving the long-term poverty of Chinese families under the condition that the demand for education and health increased.And according to further empirical results,the effect of public transfer payments per unit of household on improving its long-term multi-dimensional poverty and long-term income poverty is significant and greater than that of income elasticity without taking into account public goods demand.Finally,systematically put forward the financial measures to reduce the regional differentiation of basic public services supply between urban and rural areas.Scientific division and balance of government expenditure behavior at all levels to improve the effectiveness of the supply of basic public services between regions.And promoting balanced economic development in urban and rural areas to guarantee basic public services in urban and rural areas,and effectively reform the financial system to clear the way for the "difference reduction" effect.And integrating the local tax system to improve the balanced supply capacity of basic public services.Thus,by the cooperation between theory and practice in the process of applying financial countermeasures between various levels,it can help to narrow the degree of differentiation of basic public services between urban and rural areas in China to achieve the equal development of basic public services in urban and rural areas in the region.The innovation points of this paper are as follows:Firstly,it re-examines the research content of regional and urban-rural differences and explores the study of financial countermeasures to narrow the differentiation of basic public services between urban and rural areas through various aspects of finance,economy,and society from the perspective of the multi-party game between central and local governments.To understand the interrelation between the variables,the basic public services studied in this paper are more complete from the regional and urban-rural levels,through measuring the regional and urban-rural basic public services differentiation index and the urban-rural economic differentiation index,and in-depth exploration of the mechanism and mechanism of regional urban-rural differentiation,and finally from the regional and urban-rural level more comprehensive analysis of the realization mechanism of the basic public services equalization "reduction effect",and put forward corresponding financial countermeasures.Secondly,the study of the gaps in the supply of basic public services adopts a two-level research paradigm from regional to urban and rural areas.The existing literature analyzes and studies from a single angle,and this paper analyzes the commonalities and personality of the two levels in the field of basic public services research and analyzes the empirical analysis of the differences between urban and rural basic public services supply in the region under the financial system factors.And from the perspective of personality,we study the regional differences through the empirical analysis of local government behavior preference,and the empirical analysis of income elasticity of public goods demand and transfer payment,to systematically study the gaps of basic public services from a full-threshold perspective.Thirdly,the basic and expansion model is introduced into the two-stage empirical study of fiscal policy to narrow the regional and urban-rural gaps of basic public services.This paper introduces methods such as dynamic spatial measurement models into basic research to narrow the regional and urban-rural gaps of basic public services.Based on the characteristics and attributes of regional and urban-rural personality,the spatial dynamic measurement model and Logit phased model are used respectively for expanded empirical analysis.Therefore,this paper analyzes the financial mechanism which has an impact on the regional and urban-rural gap of basic public services,and there is also some innovation at the research method level. |
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