Study On The Multidimensional Relative Poverty Of The Left-behind Groups In Rural China

2021 is the first year to realize the effective connection between consolidating the achievements of poverty alleviation and implementing the strategy of rural vitalization,and the beginning of the new journey of building a socialist modernized country in an all-round way.With all the rural poor population lifted out of poverty and all poor counties under the current standards,China's poverty alleviation work needs to be more in-depth and diligent to consolidate the results of poverty alleviation: one is to control new types and characteristics of poverty,and the other is the targeting and identification of new poverty groups,the third is to formulate a series of anti-poverty policies in line with new forms.Along with these requirements,corresponding poverty research has been continuously promoted and has achieved considerable development.The proposal and development of many concepts such as relative poverty,multidimensional poverty,and the vulnerability of poverty have provided a theoretical basis for China's poverty research,and the elimination of absolute poverty.The study of poverty in China has broadened our thoughts.After the elimination of absolute poverty,the resolution of relative poverty will continue throughout China's modernization process,which makes relative poverty particularly prominent in many concepts of poverty.Relative poverty occurs not only in families but also within families and among different groups.They all deserve our attention.The rural left-behind groups are mostly the physiological old,weak,sick,disabled,and poor,which are important sources of the remaining poor population.They are in a disadvantaged position in the family and have insufficient development capabilities compared to the rural non-left-behind population.According to the latest data released by the National Bureau of Statistics,the number of migrant workers in China in 2019 was nearly 291 million.However,there has always been a lack of strict official statistics on the number of rural left-behind populations.The academic circles generally believe that the left-behind population has already exceeded150 million.As a result,the problem of left-behind groups in rural areas has always been concerned by all walks of life.Bing an important part of rural vulnerable groups,rural left-behind groups face many difficulties in their survival and development.Negative news about rural left-behind groups such as old people being abandoned or committing suicide,the living conditions of rural left-behind women,and the crimes and assaults of rural left-behind children are common.The state attaches great importance to the issues related to the three kinds of left-behind groups.In response to these problems,the government has introduced relevant policies: In 2016,the State Council issued the “Opinions on Strengthening the Care and Protection of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas”,which requires strengthening the care and protection of left-behind children and safeguarding the legal rights of minors.The No.1 document of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China “Several Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Adhering to the Priority Development of Agriculture and Rural Areas and Doing the Work”of “Agriculture,Rural Areas and Farmers" well” in 2019 and the No.1 document of the“Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Comprehensively Promoting Rural Revitalization and Accelerating Agricultural and Rural Modernization” in2021 has repeatedly emphasized the comprehensive improvement of rural education,medical and health,social security,elderly care,culture and sports and other public services,perfecting the care and service system for left-behind children and women,and the elderly in rural areas,and supporting the development of multi-level rural elderly care.To effectively implement the relevant policies of the rural left-behind groups and properly solve the related problems of the rural left-behind groups,the academic circle has carried out a series of studies on the phenomenon and related issues of the rural left-behind groups.These studies center on the rural left-behind groups from different perspectives such as poverty,income,livelihood,education,health,etc.,forming many independent and profound topics.How to integrate a single and effective research system and form an intuitive portrayal of the rural left-behind groups through qualitative and quantitative methods is an urgent need to be resolved in current related research.Multi-dimensional poverty considers people's feasible abilities and the deprivation of people's opportunities and covers multiple factors such as personal freedom and subjective feelings about welfare.Therefore,it can cover the income,livelihood,education,health,and other factors of rural left-behind groups,and directly depicts the multi-dimensional practical problems of rural left-behind groups.In 2020,China has achieved the goal of poverty elimination of the rural poor,helping poor counties out of poverty,resolving overall regional poverty,therefore promoting poverty-stricken areas and poor people into a well-off society with the whole country.However,after eliminating the absolute poverty in rural areas in 2020,the resolution of relative poverty will continue throughout China's modernization process.Therefore,from the perspective of relative poverty,discussing the multi-dimensional poverty of the rural left-behind groups,that is,studying the multi-dimensional relative poverty of the rural left-behind groups is in line with the reality of China and has certain theoretical and practical values.Based on the above,this article will focus on the multi-dimensional relative poverty of the left-behind groups in rural areas,from the theoretical basis and literature review of the multi-dimensional relative poverty of the left-behind groups in the rural areas,the generation logic and reality of the poverty problem of the left-behind groups in the rural areas,and the multi-dimensional poverty analysis of different rural left-behind groups.Discussions were launched to provide a policy basis for alleviating the poverty of the rural left-behind groups and improving the welfare of the rural left-behind population.This article takes the rural left-behind groups as the research object,first based on the Chinese family tracking survey data(CFPS data),using literature research,a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods,and analyzes the topic of the multi-dimensional relative poverty of the rural left-behind groups.The specific content includes:The first part proposes research questions,points out the research significance of this article,clarifies the research purpose and research content of this article,proposes the research ideas and framework of this article,explains the research methods and data used in this article,and finally points out the possible innovations and shortcomings of this article.The second part of the group stayed behind for garrison in a rural area,multidimensional poverty,relative poverty and defining the related concepts,elaborated in this paper,the theoretical basis involved,mainly including poverty theory,and the theory of life cycle theory,ability poverty,and by reviewing the related literature,sorting out multi-dimensional relative poverty,poor rural left-behind group at home and abroad research status.The third part is the construction of a multi-dimensional relative poverty index system for the rural left-behind groups,including the logical exploration of the generation of the rural left-behind group's poverty problem,the selection of the weights and measurement methods of the multi-dimensional relative poverty index of the rural left-behind groups,and the selection of the dimensions and indicators of the multi-dimensional relative poverty of the rural left-behind groups.The fourth part analyzes the multi-dimensional relative poverty of the left-behind elderly in rural areas.Based on the construction of the multi-dimensional relative poverty indicator system for the left-behind groups in the previous part,the multi-dimensional relative poverty measurement of the left-behind elderly in rural areas is carried out,including the incidence of poverty among the rural left-behind elderly and rural left-behind elderly.The analysis of the multi-dimensional relative poverty index of the elderly and the contribution rate of the multi-dimensional relative poverty index of the left-behind elderly in rural areas.And from the three parts of the poverty incidence rate of various indicators,multi-dimensional relative poverty index analysis and multi-dimensional relative poverty index contribution rate,a comparative analysis of the multi-dimensional relative poverty of the rural left-behind and non-left-behind elderly is conducted.To find out the causes of the relative poverty of the left-behind elderly in rural areas,the influencing factors of the relative poverty of the left-behind elderly in the rural areas were further explored.The fifth part analyzes the multi-dimensional relative poverty of rural left-behind women.Based on the construction of the multi-dimensional relative poverty index system of rural left-behind groups in the third part,the multi-dimensional relative poverty measurement of rural left-behind women is carried out,which specifically includes the incidence of poverty among rural left-behind women and rural areas,the analysis of the multi-dimensional relative poverty index of left-behind women and the contribution rate of the multi-dimensional relative poverty index of rural left-behind women.And from the three parts of the poverty incidence rate of various indicators,multi-dimensional relative poverty index analysis and multi-dimensional relative poverty index contribution rate,a comparative analysis of the multi-dimensional relative poverty of rural left-behind and non-left-behind women is carried out.To find out the causes of the relative poverty of rural left-behind women,the factors affecting the relative poverty of rural left-behind women were further explored.The sixth part analyzes the multi-dimensional relative poverty of rural left-behind children.Based on the construction of the multi-dimensional relative poverty index system of rural left-behind groups in the third part,the multi-dimensional relative poverty measurement of rural left-behind children is carried out,including the poverty incidence rate of rural left-behind children,the analysis of the multi-dimensional relative poverty index of left-behind children and the contribution rate of the multi-dimensional relative poverty index of rural left-behind children.And from the three parts of the poverty incidence rate of various indicators,multi-dimensional relative poverty index analysis and multi-dimensional relative poverty index contribution rate,a comparative analysis of the multi-dimensional relative poverty status of rural left-behind and non-left-behind children is carried out.To find out the causes of the relative poverty of rural left-behind children,the factors affecting the relative poverty of rural left-behind children were further explored.The seventh part is the research on the multi-dimensional relative poverty alleviation path and collaborative governance of the rural left-behind groups.First,the multi-dimensional relative poverty alleviation path of the rural left-behind groups includes the multi-dimensional relative poverty alleviation path of the rural left-behind groups and the individual dimension alleviation path.The second is the collaborative governance of multi-dimensional relative poverty of the rural left-behind groups,including mechanism,and the connotation,the path,and how to optimize.The eighth part is the conclusion of this article and related policy recommendations.The conclusions include: Firstly,the poverty problem of the rural left-behind groups needs to be measured from multiple dimensions;secondly,the multi-dimensional relative poverty of the rural left-behind groups is heterogeneous;thirdly,the health poverty problems of the rural left-behind groups are increasingly prominent;fourthly,the overall incidence of the multi-dimensional relative poverty of rural left-behind groups is on the decline year by year;fifthly,the characteristics of endowment have a significant impact on the multidimensional relative poverty of the rural left-behind groups.Policy recommendations mainly include promoting industrial prosperity,assisting rural revitalization,and attracting the return of rural labor,establishing rural left-behind population dynamic monitoring,poverty identification,and mitigation mechanisms,promoting the development of social service systems to relieve the labor pressure of left-behind groups,promoting rural mutual assistance for the elderly,and solving rural elderly care issues in various approaches,promoting the construction of small-scale rural schools,coordinating the layout of urban and rural compulsory education schools,paying attention to the development of feasible capabilities of rural left-behind groups,and enhancing their sense of happiness.