| There are two forms of traditional ethnic education in Xinjiang,one is the teaching of Islamic Sutra in the Uygur,Kazak and other ethnic groups who believe in Islam,the other is the teaching of temple education in Gelug,which is popular among the Mongolian tribes in Xinjiang,both belong to the field of religious education.After the Qing Dynasty Unified Xinjiang,the Qing government began to carry out Confucian Education in Xinjiang in the form of official education and free education,but the main targets of education were the children of the officers and soldiers of the Manchu and Han eight banners and the children of the common people in the Han ethnic group inhabited areas,few Uighur schoolchildren attend.Before and after the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884,Zuo Zongtang and Liu Jintang invited the Qing government to organize Confucian education in Xinjiang,mainly in the form of free education and private schools,in order to eliminate ethnic estrangement and achieve social stability and long-term peace and stability in Xinjiang,the emphasis is on teaching Uyghur students to learn Chinese characters throughout southern Xinjiang.However,due to the compulsion of the government-run education and the influence of teachers,students and teaching materials,the government-run Confucianism Education has hardly had a significant impact on all ethnic groups in Xinjiang,and the minority education in Xinjiang is still dominated by religious education.Therefore,from the unification of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty,Xinjiang education then formed a dual-track education system of state-run Chinese education and private-run Chinese education.At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China,a large number of new schools were set up by the government in all parts of Xinjiang,especially in southern Xinjiang,in order to promote the development of new ethnic education.Although the new-style school education has added the content of modern Western Science and culture knowledge from the aspects of curriculum and teaching content,and the number of schools and students is also considerable,it still can not get rid of the chronic disease of traditional Confucian education.After the founding of the Republic of China,Yang Zengxin and Jin Shuren,who ruled Xinjiang,had plans and measures to rectify and improve the development of education,however,due to political turmoil,financial constraints,lack of talent,political isolationism policy and inherent ethnic and religious issues,cultural and educational undertakings have not achieved much progress.The Serious National Crisis and frontier crisis caused by the September 18 Incident promoted the strategic position of National Defense of northwest China.Because of its unique geo-strategic advantages,Xinjiang has become an important part of the Northwest International Transportation Line.In this context,the intellectuals proposed to accelerate the promotion of ethnic education in Xinjiang,inspire people’s wisdom,enhance national unity,in order to enhance the sense of national identity of all ethnic groups.After Sheng Shicai came to power in Xinjiang,in order to consolidate his rule in Xinjiang,he formulated the "six policies" with the help of the Soviet Union,implemented a two-phase three-year construction plan,and relied on the strong support of Soviet personnel,technology and funds,vigorously develop the cultural and educational undertakings of all ethnic groups,Xinjiang’s education has entered a new stage of development.Establishing and perfecting the modern education system is the first step for Xinjiang provincial government to carry out ethnic education.Therefore,Sheng Shicai took the national education of the Soviet Union as a model and drew lessons from the model of national education in the Soviet Union,and put forward the educational policy of "taking the ethnic group as the form and the six policies as the content".In order to carry out this policy,the Xinjiang provincial government has established and improved educational administrative organs at all levels,and established the Cultural Promotion Association of all ethnic groups as a leading organ for setting up cultural and educational undertakings of all ethnic groups Governments and educational authorities at all levels shall formulate education development plans in a timely manner,make scientific plans for the development of education,ensure that education is carried forward in a planned and step-by-step manner,and establish and implement an educational visual guidance system,the competent educational authorities at all levels regularly and irregularly inspect and inspect the development of education in various places in order to keep abreast of the development of education in Xinjiang and provide reliable information for improving and promoting the development of education in the whole province.In order to ensure the implementation of the education plan,the education authorities in Xinjiang have taken a series of measures to promote the development of ethnic education.We will expand teacher education,establish simple teachers in various places,and strengthen the role of ürümqi normal schools in training qualified primary school teachers.In particular,we will set up additional classes for ethnic teachers and for female teachers,and train teachers for ethnic education and for female education.The implementation of teacher training and Refresher Training,registration and examination of teachers,the improvement of teachers’ salary and the holding of"Teacher Sports Week" are all measures taken to build a high-quality teaching staff.Second,the implementation of the campaign to encourage students to study.In order to eliminate the doubts and suspicions of the people of all ethnic groups about school education,to create a social environment in which all sectors of society identify with and support the establishment of schools,and to encourage students from all walks of life through door-to-door persuasion and the holding of family and school gatherings,guide the people of all ethnic groups to send their children to school.Thirdly,the curriculum should be standardized and adjusted according to the special local conditions,customs and political situation in Xinjiang.The main features of the curriculum at this stage are to increase the study of the national language and the Chinese language,to highlight the number of hours of government policies and Anti-japanese war courses,and to offer scripture courses for students of ethnic minorities in accordance with the religious beliefs of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.Fourth,attach importance to the compilation and collation of Chinese textbooks.In order to solve the problem of the.shortage of teaching materials,the provincial self-compilation,the collection of books from the Central Asia and the mainland of the Soviet Union,and the promotion of donation of books by all sectors of society and the encouragement of copying books by teachers and students were adopted.Fifth,we should pay attention to the raising and supervision of Education Funds.While increasing the investment in education,the government also attaches importance to mobilizing and encouraging people from all ethnic groups to donate money and materials to set up ethnic education,so as to alleviate the shortage of education funds.At the same time,we should strengthen the supervision of the income and expenditure of education funds.With the joint efforts of the Education Department and the Cultural Promotion Association of all ethnic groups,during the period of the anti-japanese war in an all-round way,education at all levels and of all kinds in Xinjiang achieved a certain degree of development,with primary school education and social education as the main body,the co-development pattern of secondary and higher education.Primary Education is the key to promoting the popularization of ethnic education in Xinjiang,which can be divided into compulsory education and national education.For example,from the perspective of the main providers of primary education,there are mainly public primary schools established by the government and Huili primary schools established by the Cultural Promotion Association of all ethnic groups.Huili primary schools account for a large proportion of the total primary education,can Be said to be the main body of primary education in Xinjiang.In the secondary education,in addition to the establishment of ordinary secondary schools,more attention is paid to the development of vocational education,Vocational School Education and the Promotion of Vocational Remedial Education.With the joint efforts of the Communist Party of China and the progressives in the mainland’s cultural circles,Xinjiang University has achieved rapid development in terms of both the specialty establishment and the scale of the school,in particular,the school teachers and students played an important role in organizing and leading the anti-japanese and National Salvation Movement in Xinjiang.Social Education is an important supplement to school education.Under the circumstances of the urgent need to promote the popularization of ethnic education in wartime,education departments at all levels have a clear understanding of the function of social education in eliminating illiteracy and mobilizing for the war of resistance against Japan,and mass schools have been widely set up,we should promote the movement of learning in winter and summer,set up night schools in the national language,and give full play to literacy education and mobilization in the war of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression.Through the popularization of school education and the promotion of Social Education,children of school age and young people of all ethnic groups who have dropped out of school have access to education,the overall cultural level of the people of all ethnic groups has been raised,and under the edification and influence of the anti-japanese war propaganda and political education,gradually realized to the government policy approval and the support,enhanced the national idea and the anti-japanese war consciousness,positively participates in "the anti-japanese war builds the new" each work.On the one hand,people of all ethnic groups actively participated in the Anti-japanese fund-raising and letter-writing campaigns,and actively participated in the construction and maintenance of the northwest international transportation line.On the other hand,education has also played an important role in promoting social and economic development in Xinjiang,such as organizing and mobilizing people of all ethnic groups to provide financial support for Xinjiang’s social and economic construction,various Educational and publicity means are used to mobilize the people to participate in the spring ploughing campaign and agricultural and animal husbandry production,so as to cultivate and bring up professional and technical talents for Xinjiang’s production and construction.At the same time,the popularization of education has also promoted the change of social atmosphere,the improvement of various social customs and the promotion of women’s social status.Although the ethnic education in Xinjiang has made some progress during the war,there are still some problems that can not be ignored.First,the complex and changeable political environment in Xinjiang has a serious impact on the sustainable development of ethnic education.In the early days of Sheng Shicai’s reign in Xinjiang,he formulated the "six policies",adopted a pro-soviet communist policy,encouraged the upper classes of all ethnic groups to form a culture promotion society,set up ethnic education,and invited party members and progressives from the mainland’s cultural circles to join the new party,to help promote the development of culture and education in Xinjiang,the field of culture and education in Xinjiang shows a picture of progress and openness.After 1942,Sheng Shicai turned to the National Government of the Republic of China,openly abandoned the policy of "favoring the Communist Party of the Soviet Union",arrested and massacred people in the fields of education and culture,and carried out a purge of the fields of culture and education,which seriously hindered the development of education in Xinjiang.Secondly,there are still some problems such as the shortage of teaching materials,the shortage of teachers and the unreasonable curriculum in Xinjiang ethnic education.Third,the government’s leadership and supervision of the development of ethnic education is inadequate.The cultural education of all ethnic groups is handled by the Cultural Promotion Association of all ethnic groups,the expenses of the primary schools of the association are basically funded by the fund of the Cultural Association of all ethnic groups,the government’s input is relatively small,and the government’s guidance for the primary schools of the association is relatively lacking,the result is that Huili primary school is poorly equipped and poorly run.Fourthly,bilingual education is carried out in schools for minzu,with the national language as the teaching language and the national language only as a compulsory course. |
