Study On Modern Chinese Fixed Implied Negative Responses

In interactive communication,there is a kind of fixed expressions that express negative meaning without negative words and often appear in the answering turn of spoken conversation to be used as a negative response to the other party’s discourse or behavior,which the article called fixed implied negative responses.Most of the previous studies on the fixed implied negative response has been carried out rarely from the perspective of response.In addition,previous studies mostly focus on case study,and there are few comprehensive and systematic studies with scattered results.Based on this,through the combination of quantitative and qualitative,systematic research and case study,synchronic and diachronic research,dialect and Mandarin,ontology and application research,by using discourse markers,construction grammar,conversation analysis and interactive linguistics theory,this paper takes the fixed implied negative responses as the research object,and puts them into interactive communication and the context of utterance to tries to have a clear,comprehensive and systematic understanding of them.The full text is divided into twelve chaters.In addition to the introduction and conclusion part,the second and third chapter mainly discuss the overrall research of fixed implied negative responses;the fourth chapter to ninth chapter is case study part;the tenth chapter investigates the second language acquisition of the fixed implied negative responses;the appendix studies the fixed implied negative responses in Dingxiang dialect of Shanxi Jin dialect.The first chapter is introduction.This chapter introduces the purpose and value of the research,sorts out the research status,clarifies the main problems to be solved,and explains the research methods,design and sources of corpus.The second chapter discusses the definition,internal members,characteristics and constituent elements of the fixed implied negative responses.Firstly,in view of the confusion of terms such as"implied negation","indirect negation" "euphemistic negation" and "implicit negation",the chapter evaluate the above terms and finally adopt the term "implied negation".Secondly,the chapter defines the concept of the fixed implied negative responses and according to the above definition determines the internal members.Thirdly,the chapter discusses the characteristics of the fixed implied negative responses.Finally,combining form and semantics,the article studies the constitutive elements of the fixed implied negative responses.The third chapter investigates the types and usage situations of the fixed implied negative responses.From the point of view of semantic function,this paper divides them into six categories,which are stopping,retorting,warning and threat,blaming and grumble,admonishing and multifunction,and investigates the main members,characteristics,common discourse patterns and frequency of each category.It is found that the following discourses of the fixed implied negative responses are consistent with their semantic functional type.For example,the most common following discourse of the type of stopping is the imperative sentence of deterrence,such as "don’t X";The most common following discourse of the type of warning and threat is the specific warning event.The fourth chapter studies the response for stopping "keyile(可以了)".This paper mainly analyzes its discourse function,formative process,motivation and mechanism.It is found that discourse marker "keyile(可以了)"has the functions of discourse organization,stopping and interpersonal interaction."Keyile(可以了)" is developed from the use of the auxiliary verb "keyi(可以)" and the modal word "le(了)" as a positive response,and under the influence of politeness principle,pragmatic inference,contextual absorption and analogy,it is gradually conventionalized to a discourse marker that indicates negation and prevention.Finally,the paper makes a comparative analysis of "keyile(可以了)" and relevant discourse markers "haole(好了)" and "xingle(行了)",and founds that they are different in many aspects,such as negative direction,subjective modality,degree of politeness and whether they have the function of opening a topic.The fifth chapter studies the response for retorting"shuishuode(谁说的)".This paper mainly investigates its conversational sequence structure,common discourse patterns and discourse functions.It is found that "shuishuode(谁说的)"has the function of organizing the discourse,expressing stancetaking and emphasizing the negative meaning.From a diachronic perspective,this chapter also investigates the process of its evolution and the motivations and mechanisms of its formation,and finds that its formation is mainly influenced by the principles of language economy,subjectivity,abduction and context absorption.In addition,the chapter also makes a comparative analysis of "shuishuode(谁说的)","zhehuashuode(这话说的)"and"kannishuode(看你说的)",and finds that there are differences among them in the aspects of negative intensity,negative direction and applicable subject.The sixth chapter studies the response for warning and threat "zouzheqiao/dengzheqiao(走着瞧/等着瞧)".This paper mainly investigates their discourse mode,discourse function,formative motivations and mechanisms.The study found that "zouzheqiao/dengzheqiao(走着瞧/等着瞧)" has the function of warning threats,highlighting subjective modality,forcing the other party to comply and emphasizing the content of the statement.They are derived from the omission of subsequent utterances of specific warning events,and their formation is influenced by such factors as context absorption,frequency of use,cognitive factors and pragmatic expression needs.In addition,this chapter makes a comparative analysis of "zouzheqiao(走着瞧)" and "dengzheqiao(等着瞧)",and finds that there are differences between them in the form of person personal pronoun and the form of allegorical sayings.The seventh chapter studies the response for blaming and grumble "youlaile(又来了)".This chapter mainly analyzes its discourse position,discourse mode,discourse function,formative motivation and mechanism.The article thinks that the core function of "youlaile(又来了)" is negation,and in a specific context,influenced by interpersonal relationship and different kinds of trigger factors,"youlaile(又来了)" has different semantic intensity and emerges different expressive function of stancetaking,including rubuking,blaming,grumble,boredom and false blaming."Youlaile(又来了)" is closely related to its source format "youlai+X+le(又来+X了)",which omits X under the impetus of linguistic economic and politeness principles.At the same time,under the double influence of the repeated meaning of "you(又)" and contextual absorption,"youlai+X+le(又来+X 了)" is gradually conventionalized to a discourse marker expressing negative stancetaking.The eighth chapter studies the response for admonishing"shaolai(少来)".This paper mainly analyzes its discourse position,discourse form,discourse function,formative motivations and mechanisms.It is found that "shaolai(少来)" has five expressive function of stancetaking including rubuking,retort,refusing,dissuading and false blaming,and it is usually used in close and equal communicative subjects."Shaolai(少来)"comes from "shaolai+X(少来+X)",which omits X,and its formation is influenced by politeness principle,context absorption and metrical factors.In addition,the article also makes a comparative analysis of "shaolai(少来)"and "shaolaizheyitao(少来这一套)",and finds that there are differences between them in negative content,source and so on.The ninth chapter studies the response of multifunction "X shenme Y(X什么 Y)".This chapter mainly investigates its components,negative domain,association types with trigger factors,discourse functions and formative motivations and mechanisms.It is found that it has the function of stancetaking including rebuking,blaming,retort,rejection,interpersonal interaction and the function of expressing main information.Its expression is characterized by high subjectivity,strong negation and low courtesy."X shenme Y(X 什么 Y)" first appeared in the Tang dynasty,and gradually completed the conventinalization under the influence of subjectification,analogy and high-requency use.Finally,the chapter makes a comparative analysis of "X shenme X(X什么 X)" and Y(X什么 Y)",and founds that there are many differences between them,and they should be divided into two independent and different constructions.The tenth chapter investigates the second language acquisition of the fixed implied negative responses.Firstly,this chapter investigates the arrangement of fixed implied negation responses in the teaching syllabus and two sets of teaching materials of oral Chinese published by Peking University Press and Beijing Language University Press.Secondly,through interlanguage corpus this chapter summarizes the types of errors in the acquisition of foreign students,analyzes the causes of errors,and proposes targeted suggestions from three aspects:textbook complication,teacher teaching and student study.The eleventh chapter is summary.This chapter summarizes the main content and important points of the article,and makes some relevant thoughts.In addition,it also explains the innovation and deficiency of the research,and puts forward the prospect of the research.The appendix studies the fixed implied negative responses in Dingxiang dialect of Shanxi Jin dialect.The article studies the case study of "shuode(说的)""nikuailia(你快唡)""naershi(哪儿是)"qilaiwa(起来哇)" and "zhenge(真个)",and studies their discourse mode,discourse function and formative motivations and mechanisms.This paper tries to investigate this phenomenon comprehensively in Dingxiang dialect of Jin dialect to promote the combination of interactive linguistics and Chinese dialects.