| From the perspective of cultural process,there are two central areas in Huxiang area from the early Paleolithic age to the Tangjiagang culture period,one is the middle reaches of the Yuan River in Western Hunan and the other is the Liyang plain in Northwest Hunan.The culture of these two areas reflects different archeological and cultural characteristics,as well as different spiritual and cultural attributes.The combination of the two can be called "Huxiang characteristics".In terms of cultural system,the Paleolithic culture in the middle reaches of Yuanshui and the Liyang Plain differs between the Yishui culture group and the Lishui culture group.Wushui culture group represents a traditional way of life,while Lishui culture group represents an emerging and vibrant social fashion,that is,how to face challenges,adapt to the environment and improve life when the dawn of the new era comes.The "blossoming of two branches" performance made the Paleolithic culture in Huxiang region not only consolidated the foundation,but also expanded territory.This kind of performance truly built a balance of both internal and external strengths for the Paleolithic culture.At the turn of the Neolithic and Paleolithic ages,the ancient humans of Yuchanyan in southern Hunan followed the tradition of Paleolithic gravel-stone industry in South China.They hunted frequently,often caught birds,caught snails and fish occasionally,invented pottery and domesticated cultivated rice,which opened the "broad-spectrum revolution"in Hunan Province.Compared with Yuchanyan,the ancients in Lishui River basin made forced changes in the stone industry twice due to the influence of the Younger Dryas time.Therefore,from the perspective development process,the"broad spectrum revolution"in Huxiang area started from Yuchanyan,and the "Neolithic Revolution"finally ended the Lishui River basin.Rice farming developed rapidly from the Pangtoushan Culture period to the Zaoshi Lower Culture period.The cultivation and domestication of rice changed the diet structure of the ancestors in Lishui basin,promoted the production of pottery,and contributed to the formation of settlements.In the early and middle stages of Pengtoushan culture,there was no gap between the rich and the poor in the settlement,and members were relatively equal.In the middle and late period of Pengtoushan culture,trenches and earth walls were built at the Bashidang site,the population also increased greatly,and sacrificial activities appeared.The early public ownership of the whole people was impacted.As the community character of the settlement gradually changed from extroverted to introverted,the mindset of expanding and conquering territory gradually gave way to a more settled and old-fashioned mindset.Coupled with the differentiation within the settlement and the excessive sacrificial activities,Bashidang site gradually declined.In the middle of the Neolithic age,the main way of life of the ancestors in Western Hunan was still fishing,hunting and gathering.In the early stage of Gaomiao culture,a relatively complete set of expression of decorations and patterns has been formed,and the status of white pottery has been highlighted.In the middle and late period of Gaomiao culture,the use of double winged tusk face,birds,sun,mountains,waves,octagonal stars and other patterns stamped with fine grid points on white pottery reached its peak.From the spiritual level,the Gaomiao culture places great emphasis on sacrifice.The sacrificial places are located in the middle of the settlement and are distributed along the central axis.The "ladder Que"and animal face constitute the divine space,the main sacrificial pit where the master of ceremonies is located and the sacrificial pit where the slave sacrificial personnel are located constitute the human space,and the houses and pits provide ancillary services.These three aspects support the spatial structure of sacrificial places and reflect that Gaomiao culture is an archaeological culture that pays attention to nature worship and spiritual belief.During the period of Tangjiagang culture,the settlement population increased,the activity space expanded,and the shared territory was further compressed.The trench of Tangjiagang site belongs to the "trench earth enclosed settlement"with perennial water storage and earth walls.Its function has also developed from flood control to human defense,indicating that the settlement competition has begun to normalize and the attribute of "plunder" has been enhanced.From the perspective of social form,during the period of Tangjiagang culture,social hierarchy differences based on expanding families have been formed in the settlement,and the concept of private ownership has been further strengthened.Tangjiagang people in this period have abandoned the practice of "home is the history of witchcraft",and the idea of high unity and high centralization of power began to be implemented in the settlements.From the above analysis,it can be concluded that:from the group of Wushui culture to Songxikou culture,the ancestors in the middle reaches of the Yuan River mainly focused on fishing,hunting and gathering in their life and economy,and attached great importance to spiritual belief and artistic aesthetics;From Lishui culture group to Tangjiagang culture,the ancestors of Liyang plain developed from fishing,hunting and gathering to rice agriculture.The spiritual culture also gradually sprouted and thrived,and carried out a thorough cultural integration in the period of Tangjiagang culture.The above two different development models show that in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River,the fishing and hunting ethnic groups that emphasize spiritual belief and artistic aesthetics can only achieve the ultimate in a certain region and a certain period of time;With the development of the times,the ethnic groups dominated by rice farming will eventually bear the heavy responsibility.While integrating material culture,they will also integrate the thinking mode of rice farming economy and fishing and hunting economy at the spiritual level.This is the cultural contribution of Tangjiagang culture to Huxiang region.Through the above analysis,it can also be concluded that although climate,environment and other factors have a profound influence on the way of living and working of an ethnic group,the simultaneous development of spirit and material,and the internal and external cultivation of culture are also very important in the process of ethnic development.Tangjiagang culture can finally integrate the cultural factors of Huxiang region and form its own system,which lies in the fact that the ancestors of Liyang plain have kept pace with the times and absorbed both material and spiritual aspects for thousands of years;In the middle reaches of the Yuan River,the ethnic groups represented by "Wushui culture group"and Gaomiao culture only wanted food and clothing in material terms.In the later stage,they still stubbornly focused on spiritual belief and artistic aesthetics without considering the balance between material and spirit,and eventually develop cultural imbalance.The development process and lessons learned of the two places can be called "Huxiang characteristics". |
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