| Research background: In recent years,the sports performance of Chinese male teenage volleyball players in international competitions has declined.The topic about how to improve the performance of young athletes to ensure the future competitiveness of Chinese men’s volleyball players in world competitions needs to be discussed urgently.A number of foreign studies have shown that there are four winning techniques determining the results of men’s volleyball matches at the maximum extent,which include spiking,serving,blocking and receiving.By analyzing the movement composition of each technique,jumping,moving and swinging arms are shown to play crucial part in each technique.To this end,the key to improving the winning technical performance and grasping the winning situation is to explore the characteristics and training needs of Teenage male volleyball players’ specialized jumping,moving and swinging movement patterns,and scientifically arrange the training content of specialized movement patterns.Research purpose: The aim of this research is to explore the kinematics influencing factors and muscle activation intensity characteristics of the specialized jumping,moving and swinging movement patterns of Teenage male volleyball players,Clarify the training needs of specialized movement patterns.Based on the concept and principle of Physical movement functional training,a functional movement training program which is suitable for teenage male volleyball players is constructed to better improve specialized jumping,moving and swinging movements.Research method: This research includes two parts.Research 1: Kinematics and EMG analysis of the specialized movement patterns of male teenage volleyball players.Expert interview,Delphi,measurement methods,etc.were used to analysis the kinematics and myoelectric tests results on the specialized jumping,moving and swinging movement patterns of 14 outstanding teenage male volleyball players.Besides,factor analysis,regression analysis and other methods were used to research the kinematic influencing factors and muscle activation intensity characteristics of the movement pattern,which can clarify the training needs of the specialized movement pattern.Research 2: The design and demonstration of the physical movement function training program for teenage male volleyball players.On the basis of study 1,using Delphi method,measurement method and experimental method,etc.,a Physical movement function training program suitable for teenage male volleyball players was constructed according to the concept and principle of physical movement function training,and A 12-week training intervention was implemented on 23 athletes twice a week,and the intervention effect of the physical movement function training program was tested.Research results:(1)In terms of the kinematic influencing factors and muscle activation intensity characteristics of the specialized movement pattern,the kinematic characteristics of the two-step run-up and take-off movement pattern can be composed of 11 common factors,and the formula of the stepwise multiple regression model is: approach jump height=0.724+0.073×speed of forward swing of buffered trunk+0.164×angular velocity of pedaling extension of lower limbs+0.029×swing speed of upper limbs of pedaling extension;In terms of muscle activation intensity,the activation intensity of the tibialis anterior,gluteus maximus,and erector spinae muscles during the buffering phase was significantly higher than during the propulsive phase(P<0.01;P<0.05).However,during the propulsive phase,the gastrocnemius muscle,anterior deltoid,posterior deltoid,triceps brachii,and rectus abdominis exhibited higher activation intensity(P<0.01;P<0.05).The kinematic characteristics of the vertical jumping movement pattern in net blocking can be represented by three common factors.The stepwise multiple regression model formula is as follows: Vertical jump height in net blocking = 0.580 + 0.065 × trunk extension velocity + 0.088 × lower limb push-off angular velocity.In terms of muscle activation intensity,only the tibialis anterior exhibited significantly higher activation intensity during the buffering phase compared to the propulsive phase(P<0.01).During the propulsive phase,the gluteus maximus,quadriceps femoris,rectus femoris,vastus lateralis,vastus medialis,gastrocnemius,anterior and posterior deltoids,triceps brachii,rectus abdominis,and latissimus dorsi all demonstrated higher activation intensity(P<0.01;P<0.05).The kinematic characteristics of the arm swing movement pattern in spiking from the 4th position can be represented by seven common factors.The stepwise multiple regression model formula is as follows: Hand speed at the moment of hitting = 13.718 + 1.029 × trunk backward swing velocity + 0.597 × shoulder and elbow rotational angular velocity.In terms of muscle activation intensity,compared to the pulling phase,the pushing phase exhibited higher activation intensity in the rectus abdominis,latissimus dorsi,and wrist flexors on the ulnar and radial sides(P<0.01;P<0.05).The kinematic characteristics of the arm swing movement pattern in jump float serving can be represented by five common factors.The stepwise multiple regression model formula is as follows: Hand speed at the moment of hitting = 12.177 + 2.807 × shoulder and elbow rotational swing velocity.In terms of muscle activation intensity,compared to the pulling phase,the pushing phase exhibited higher activation intensity in the rectus abdominis,external oblique,latissimus dorsi,anterior deltoid,triceps brachii,wrist flexors on the ulnar and radial sides,and brachioradialis.The kinematic characteristics of the movement pattern of slide step movement are composed of five common factors.The formula of the stepwise multiple regression model is: slide step movement speed in front of the net = 1.361 + 0.155 × angular velocity of the lower limbs on the non-directional side +(-0.090)× hip,The starting angle of the knee joint + 0.040× the angular velocity of the directional hip and knee swing;In terms of muscle activation intensity,during lateral extension and adduction movements,all muscle groups in the non-dominant leg show a certain level of activation.However,during lateral swing movements,only the tibialis anterior and gluteus maximus exhibit higher activation intensity in the dominant leg.The kinematic characteristics of the cross-step movement pattern are composed of 6 common factors.The formula of the stepwise multiple regression model is: cross step movement speed = 1.499 + 0.161 × the angular velocity of the lower limbs in the direction of the second step + 0.138 × the non-direction of the second step Side lower limb swing speed + 0.079× first step direction side lower limb swing speed;In terms of muscle activation intensity,the gastrocnemius,gluteus maximus,and biceps femoris demonstrate higher activation intensity in the dominant leg,while in the non-dominant leg,only the tibialis anterior exhibits higher activation intensity.(2)In terms of the empirical intervention of the Physical movement function training program,as to the specialized jumping performance,compared to the previous intervention,both the experimental group and the control group of athletes showed significant improvements(P<0.01;P<0.05)in vertical jump height during stationary arm swing,approach jump height,and average height in 15-second continuous jumps after the intervention.In inter-group comparisons,it was found that the experimental group of athletes had significantly greater improvements(P<0.05)in vertical jump height during stationary arm swing,approach jump height,and average height in 15-second continuous jumps compared to the control group.In terms of specialized arm swing performance,compared to before the intervention,the experimental group of athletes showed significant improvements(P<0.01)in arm whip speed,arm whip power,upper body whip speed,and upper body whip power after the intervention.The control group of athletes also demonstrated significant improvements(P<0.01)in arm whip power,upper body whip speed,and upper body whip power,while arm whip speed did not show statistical significance(P>0.05).In inter-group comparisons,it was found that the experimental group of athletes had greater improvements(P<0.01;P<0.05)in arm whip power,upper body whip speed,and upper body whip power compared to the control group,while arm whip speed did not show statistical significance(P>0.05).In terms of specialized movement performance,compared to before the intervention,the experimental group of volleyball players showed significant improvements(P<0.01)in 30-meter sprint speed,half-shuffle speed,average speed in 5x30-meter sprint,and fatigue index after the intervention.The control group of volleyball players,except for no significant improvement(P>0.05)in the fatigue index for the 5x30-meter sprint,also demonstrated significant improvements(P<0.01)in 30-meter sprint speed,half-shuffle speed,and average speed in 5x30-meter sprint.In inter-group comparisons,it was found that the experimental group of volleyball players had significantly greater improvements(P<0.01;P<0.05)in 30-meter sprint speed,half-shuffle speed,and average speed in 5x30-meter sprint compared to the control group,while there was no statistical significance(P>0.05)in the fatigue index for the 5x30-meter sprint.Conclusion:(1)In the context of jumping movement patterns,the velocity of trunk flexion and extension,as well as the angular velocity of lower limb extension,influence the performance of both approach jumps and stationary block jumps.Furthermore,factors affecting the performance of approach jumps include the velocity of upper limb swing during extension and the angular velocities of hip and knee rotation during the buffering phase.In terms of muscle activation intensity characteristics,the tibialis anterior exhibits greater activation intensity during the buffering phase,while the quadriceps,gluteus maximus,gastrocnemius,deltoid,and triceps brachii demonstrate higher activation intensity during the propulsive phase.It is worth noting that the force production levels of the gluteus maximus and erector spinae are insufficient during the propulsive phase of the approach jump.(2)In the context of arm swing movement patterns,the coordinated rotational velocities of the shoulder and elbow joints during the arm cocking phase,as well as the coordinated swinging velocities of the shoulder and elbow joints during the arm acceleration phase,respectively influence the performance of spike and float serve arm swings.Additionally,the velocity of trunk backward swing during the arm cocking phase and the velocity of forearm forward swing during the arm acceleration phase are key factors affecting the arm swing performance in spiking.In terms of muscle activation intensity characteristics,during spiking or float serve arm swings,the wrist flexor muscles(both ulnar and radial),triceps brachii,rectus abdominis,and latissimus dorsi exhibit higher activation intensity.Furthermore,during float serve arm swings,there is a noticeable increase in activation intensity of the anterior deltoid,brachioradialis,and bilateral external oblique muscles.(3)In the context of moving movement patterns,the initial angles of the hip and knee joints in shuffle step movements,the lateral extension angular velocity of the nondominant leg,and the lateral swing angular velocity of the dominant leg influence the speed of movement.During cross-step movements,the swing velocity and extension angular velocity of the dominant leg,as well as the swing velocity of the non-dominant leg,also affect the speed of movement.In terms of muscle activation intensity,during shuffle step movements,the non-dominant leg muscles exhibit higher overall activation intensity,while the dominant leg muscles,such as the rectus femoris and gluteus maximus,reach a certain level of activation.During cross-step movements,the activation intensity is higher in the calf muscles,gluteus maximus,and biceps femoris of the dominant leg,while only the tibialis anterior muscle of the non-dominant leg reaches a higher activation intensity.(4)The Physical Movement Function Training Program for teenage male volleyball athletes consists of three stages.The first stage is the Fundamental Movement Function Training stage,which aims to optimize the movement quality of Fundamental Movement patterns.The training content emphasizes developing flexibility and stability in the shoulder girdle and lower limb joints,as well as trunk stability.The second stage is the General Movement Function Training stage,which aims to develop overall physical fitness.The training content primarily includes strength,speed and agility,and anaerobic endurance training.The third stage is the Specialized Movement Function Training stage,which aims to develop specialized performance in jumping,arm swinging,and moving.The training content emphasizes the training requirements based on specialized jumping,arm swinging,and moving movement patterns,and focuses on developing specialized strength,specialized speed and agility,and specialized anaerobic phosphagen energy system capacity.(5)Physical Movement Function Training programs can enhance the specialized jumping,moving,and arm-swing performance of teenage male volleyball players,surpassing the effects of conventional physical fitness training. |
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