| Education is an important strength for achieving Sustainable Development Goals and ensuring peace in schools.How to prevent and reduce the occurrence of school violence and realize the peace and development of school by playing the education function of school is also a problem worth paying attention to solve the problem of school violence.Keeping peace in school is the premise and foundation to ensure the normal operation of the school.However,in recent years,schools have not become a safe haven for students,and violent incidents occur in schools.These violent incidents have brought many destabilizing factors to the society and caused a great negative impact.At present,school violence has become the focus of attention in the world.The United States has been facing the serious problem of school violence for a long time.It is also one of the first developed countries to conduct research on school violence.This study investigates the theory and practice of preventing and coping with school violence in middle and primary schools in the history of the United States,and combs out four models of school violence prevention in the United States: "punishment-control" model,"negotiation-mediation" model,"restoration and reconciliation" model,and " critique-empowerment" model.The " punishment-control" model advocates that students with violent(or potentially violent)behaviors should be severely punished and monitored,so as to achieve the purpose of preventing and reducing campus violence by controlling students.The "negotiation-mediation" model attributes the occurrence of school violence to the lack of social ability development,and emphasizes the active play of the educational function of the school to provide support for the development of students’ individual ability and the establishment of positive peer relations." restoration and reconciliation" model is no longer focused on revenge and punishment of students’ misbehavior,but by promoting students actively participate in dialogue,and meet the needs of students,so as to make up for the damage,repair relations,through the transformation of the rivalry between the conflict parties relationship,reconciliation,and building a more inclusive school community,create a more healthy school climate.The " critique-empowerment" model goes beyond individual acts of violence and focuses more on exploring the root causes of direct violence.It advocates cultivating students’ critical thinking skills,empowering young students,and developing their capacity for change,so that they can become a power of action for sustainable peace.Simultaneously,this study reviews these models and their relationship from the perspective of Johan Galtung ’s peace theory,reveals the value implication of these models,and then clearly realizes the sustainable school peace path.The theory,policy and practice,experience and lessons about preventing school violence in the American primary and secondary schools discussed in the course of this study are worth rethinking and drawing lessons from,which can provide enlightenments for our country to solve the same intractable problem of school violence.In terms of research content and framework,this study is divided into seven chapters in addition to the introduction and conclusion.The first chapter presents the theoretical basis for the paper,in detail elaborated the gall of the basic concepts of the theory of peace,including positive and negative peace,the classification of the violence,direct violence,structural and cultural violence),to build the framework for campus violence education concept and the path of peace.The second chapter introduces the historical evolution of school violence in the United States and the countermeasures and prevention measures of schools,from which four American school violence prevention models are constructed.The body part contains chapter 3,Chapter 4,Chapter 5 and Chapter 6.These four chapters mainly elaborate the background,implementation process,effect and influence of the four modes.Specifically,the third chapter discusses the background,theoretical basis,implementation process and effect of the " punishment-control" model,as well as its impact on American society.The fourth chapter introduces the theory and social background of the "negotiation-mediation" model,and expounds the training goal and implementation path of this model.In Chapter 5,“restoration and reconciliation" model elaborates that the theory of this model is derived from the theory of reparative justice.As an alternative to the punishment model,this model has been strongly supported by the federal government of the United States and is widely used by American schools.In Chapter 6,the "critical-empowerment" mode turns to the discussion of structural and cultural violence in schools,reveals the deeper social root of direct violence,and puts forward the education program to realize positive peace from the perspective of creating a peaceful atmosphere in schools,reforming curriculum forms and teaching methods.Chapter 7 is the conclusion and prospect of this study.This part takes the key concepts in the theory of peace as the analysis tool,makes an in-depth analysis and comparison of four violence prevention models in American schools,discusses the hidden value implication of the four models,and responds to the question "What kind of peace should we pursue? ","How to achieve positive peace in Schools? ","How should education function here? ","What kind of citizen should we produce? Wait for a problem.Meanwhile,in this chapter,the enlightenment of peace school construction as well as the future research direction have been elaborated. |
