| Since the 1990 s,the family migration of floating population has become increasingly apparent,and the mainstay of migration has changed from individual to family.Family migration is both the objective trend of social development and the appeal of social equity,and it is the socially rational choice of family reunion.In addition to the household register system and economic factors,the completion of family reunion in destination has also become the key to affect the urban integration of the floating population.Left-behind and separation caused by migration lead to incomplete family functions,thus affecting social stability,meanwhile,contrary to the development concept of Human-oriented.Family migration can promote the stability of employment and life of floating population in the destination,hence study on the pattern of family migration is of great significance.At present,the research on family migration mostly focuses on floating population at the national or local level,and less concern for the differences between regions.Based on the 2016 national floating population dynamic monitoring survey,this paper selects Beijing,Shanghai and Guangdong as the regional comparison unit,analyzes the characteristics of the floating population from the perspective of family migration and regional differences,rediscusses migration in the process of urbanization with the help of the sequence pattern of family migration.1.The degree of family reunion among the floating population in Beijing is the highest,and the family separation in Guangdong is the highest.In 2016,the family size of the floating population in Beijing,Shanghai,and Guangdong is 2.86,3.21,and 3.10,and the transferred family size is 2.50,2.70,and 2.53,with an average of 0.36,0.51,and 0.57 persons choose to live in their hometown or other places.It can be seen that Beijing has the smallest family size,the degree of family reunion among the floating population in Beijing is the highest.There are more families in Guangdong who choose to live in two or even three separate places,and the degree of family separation is the highest.The average age of the floating population in Beijing is 32.1 years,the average length of stay is 6.8 years;the average age of the floating population in Shanghai is 31.5years,the average length of stay is 8.0 years and the floating population in Guangdong is the youngest,with an average age of 27.8 years,the average length of stay is 5.0years.Beijing and Shanghai which are dominated by service industries,Guangdong is dominated by manufacturing.At the same time,Guangdong has a lower threshold for migration,which attracts large quantities of young people.2.Most of the families have completed the migration of whole family,the families in Beijing and Shanghai take more times to realize family reunion,and the migration scale of single time is smaller than Guangdong,reflecting that Beijing and Shanghai have more dominant and hidden obstacles.69.9% of the families in Beijing,Shanghai and Guangdong has realized family union.Combined with degree of family reunion and migration times of one family,this paper divides family migration into 4 types: the whole family migration in one time,the whole family migration in multiple times,incomplete family migration in one time,incomplete family migration in multiple times.The proportion of families in Beijing who have completed whole family migration is77.3%,of which 38.2% have completed family migration in one time,and 39.1% have completed family migration in multiple times;the proportions of families in Shanghai who have completed family migration are 68.4%,of which 21.5% have completed family migration in one time,and 46.9% have completed family migration in multiple times.The proportion of families who have completed the whole family migration in Guangdong is 68.1%,with 35.9% in one time and 32.2% in multiple times.In the families who have realized family union,the average migration times of families in Beijing are 1.79,with 1.80 persons in the first group.The average migration times of families in Shanghai are 2.21,with 1.65 persons in the first group.The average migration times of families are 1.78 times in Guangdong,there are 1.84 persons in the first group.According to the analysis of variance,the difference between Beijing,Shanghai and Guangdong is statistically significant.A fewer times and more pioneers in floating families in Guangdong indicating that the migration threshold affects the degree of family reunion.3.The age and gender patterns in the process of migration reflect the migratory sequences of family roles.Labors with human capital usually are the first one to migrate for jobs in destination,and men occupy a relatively important position among the pioneers.Female spouses and children constitute the second group of migrants,especially preschool children,and the proportion of boys is quite high.In the process of migration,the proportion of the working-age population continues to decline.The third group of people are mainly minor children,and the elders.The proportion of young children in the fourth group of floating population and above is higher,and the proportion of elders has also increased correspondingly.The young population is the main labor force and is generally the first migrator in the family;the spouse,especially the wife,as another labor force in the family;young children and elderly parents generally migrate at last.The proportion of girls among migrant children aged 0-14 has been lower than that of boys,which show the gender preference of migrants in their children’s accompanying decision.4.The floating population come from the northern provinces has a higher proportion with the whole family migration,and part of the central and western provinces have a lower proportion.The proportion of the whole family migration from the southeastern provinces to Beijing and Shanghai is not low.Based on the origin of families migrate to Beijing,the proportion of the whole family migration from the northern provinces such as Xinjiang,Inner Mongolia and Northeast China is more than80%.The proportion of the whole family migrate to Shanghai from Xinjiang,Inner Mongolia,Jilin,Liaoning,Heilongjiang,Hebei is higher,accounting for more than 85%.The proportion of the whole family migration in Guangdong presents a decreasing gradient distribution from north to south.Families who are farther away choose to migrate with the whole family.The first reason is that the development of transportation,such as high-speed rail,has shortened the distance;the second reason is that the high cost of long-distance migration can increase the willingness of floating population to stay at destinations;the third reason is that the closer the geographical distance,the easier it is to communicate with other family members.Floating populations in agricultural provinces such as Henan and Sichuan may have land resources in hometown,making it difficult to complete family reunion.5.In addition to the labor market,social network also played a significant role in the family migration in Beijing and Shanghai,while the migration in Guangdong has always been dominated by market forces.The strong social network such as relatives and friends in the destination prompt the floating population in Beijing and Shanghai to conduct the whole family migration in one time,but it doesn’t have a significant impact on the floating population in Guangdong.Beijing and Shanghai are extremely attractive to floating population.Social network plays a positive role in two aspects.Firstly,social network provides important information,including job opportunities in the city and how to avoid risks during the migration process.Secondly,a strong social network can help floating population reduce migration costs and increase migration benefits.The living costs in Guangdong are relatively low,so social network capital has no significant impact on the floating population in Guangdong.6.An increase in the number of minor children in a household reduces the likelihood to realize family reunion in Beijing and Shanghai,but not significantly for Guangdong.More children,more time and financial costs.In order to ensure that family gains are maximized,families with more children tend to send some of their family members away rather than family reunion.In terms of the cost of education,Guangdong’s enrollment policies are more friendly than those of Shanghai and Beijing.Guangdong adopts a market-oriented model combining public and private schools,and the government purchases private school places for migrant children when public school places are insufficient.Compared to Guangdong,Beijing and Shanghai have a higher threshold for enrolling migrant children,increasing the cost of education for children.The minority population in Guangdong are likely to migrate with whole family in one time.To a certain extent,it reflects cultural differences.A comparative analysis of the family migration patterns of the floating population in Beijing,Shanghai and Guangdong reveals that the family migration pattern has a lot to do with the differences in the level of economic and social development,spatial distance,and cultural characteristics of the source and destination.In addition,employment in the destination structure,industrial structure,and local policies also affect the choice of floating population.The differences in the institutional environment between regions reflect the intensity and height of local demand for labor.As megacities,Beijing and Shanghai have more in common,especially the high requirements for household registration and population control;while Guangdong,especially the Pearl River Delta region,has a dominant position in manufacturing,with stronger demand for labor and fewer population restrictions.Coupled with the quality of the floating population and family factors,this has resulted in the differentiation of the migration patterns of the two floating population families. |
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