History Of China Studies On "SovietRussia’s New Economic Policy"

In 1921,Russia continued to implement "Wartime Communist Policy" and encountered the crisis,in the face of the grim situation,the Soviet regime headed by Lenin resolutely started "New Economic Policy",gradually introduced a food tax,rent system,allow free buying and selling,admit commodity economy,encourage state capitalism,guide cooperative undertakings and a series of measures to improve the economy,has achieved obvious results.With the development of the New Economic Policy practice,Lenin’s thinking gradually deepened,and initially formed the overall idea of how to transition to socialism in the backward small-scale farmers.This is the first reform in the history of socialist construction,and it is a crucial step forward in the Russification and concretization of Marxism.In 1924,Lenin died,around the "New Economic Policy",Stalin,bukharin,Trotsky,,and other senior leadership launched a fierce ideological debate and power struggle,Stalin,eventually defeat rivals,become the top leader,with his concept change and domestic class struggle and the international war crisis looming,in 1929,the "New Economic Policy"was formally abandoned,the Soviet union on the national industrialization and agricultural collectivization "Stalin model" road.In a sense,the "Stalin model" is the return to the"Wartime Communist Policy",which is mainly characterized by planned economy and high centralization,and has had a profound impact on the future Soviet Union and even the international communist movement.The Soviet decades of socialist construction road,is actually in the "Wartime Communist Model" and "New Economic Policy Model" swing,the"New Economic Policy Mode",although short,not mature died,but it reveals the different from "Stalin Model" of another road,after the Soviet union and other socialist countries,including China,reform repeatedly mentioned,become the source of the socialist reform movement.As soon as Soviet Russia implemented the "New Economic Policy",the Chinese intellectuals did relevant reports and research.Qu Qiubai was the first Chinese to report on the "New Economic Policy" on the spot.In 1922,Li Da’s "New Economic Policy" in Russia was the first domestic paper to comment on the "New Economic Policy".Since then,China’s discussion and research on the "New Economic Policy" has been warm and cold,but it has been interrupted for more than 100 years.These 100 years of introduction and research history roughly appeared four orgasm periods.The first climax was in the 1920s.Russia through the October Revolution,established the Soviet regime,against capitalism,opened up an unprecedented socialist road,for the Chinese is a great political stimulus and ideological stimulation,plus issued three times"Ganahan Declaration",give up all privileges in China,aroused the goodwill of the people,the Soviet Russia by the invaders,"radical party" suddenly become friendly neighbors,the country of peace and justice.A large number of politicians and intellectuals visited Soviet Russia,studied it and discussed Soviet Russia.Due to the different political stance and knowledge background,its understanding and evaluation of Russia are also far apart.The Kuomintang people represented by Sun Yat-sen interpreted the "New Economic Policy"with Three Principles of the People,healed the theoretical differences between the two sides,and laid the theoretical foundation for "taking Russia as the teacher" and learning the experience of Party building,Army building and realizing the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.At the same time,the Kuomintang denied that the application of Class Struggle and The Dictatorship of The Proletariat to China,believing that the "New Economic Policy" just proved that Russia’s communism did not work,and the dual interpretation of this contradiction predicted the subsequent division of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.Free intellectuals,such as Liang Qichao,Xu Zhimo slander "New Economic Policy" as "the success of the communist party,the failure of communism",Jiang Kang Hu think Soviet Russia "New Economic Policy" is revived capitalism in Russia,is not the real socialism,thus advocating his own creation of "the public assets,education popularization" of the so-called "New Socialism".The communists represented by Chen Duxiu,Qu Qiubai support Lenin with sympathetic understanding,actively defend the "New Economic Policy",think that as long as the regime in the proletariat,the future of state capitalism is communism,"New Economic Policy" is the use of capitalism to develop the transition stage of the productive forces,the purpose is to upgrade to the socialist preparation solid material foundation.During this time period,A large number of newspapers and magazines have published articles introducing and studying Soviet Russia,Many of them are about the "New Economic Policy",Specialized works include "Travels Across Starving Country" by Qu Qiubai in 1922,"A History of Records of My Impression in the Red Capital" in 1924,Jiang Kanghu’s "Travels to New Russia" in 1924,Bao Pu’s "Travels to Red Russia" in 1924,"Soviet Russia’s New Economic Policy" by Gu Shusen in 1924,"New Economic Policy" translated by Wang Guoyuan in 1926,"China’s New Economic Policy "by Wu Dingchang(Qianxi)in 1927,"Cooperatives in Soviet Russia" by Liu Hanyuan in 1930,Among them,Qu Qiubai’s "Hungry Hometown Travels Across Starving Country" and "The History of Records of My Impression in the Red Capital" are the first Chinese systematic research and reports on the "New Economic Policy" of Soviet Russia,The two have in time,There are differences in style,The former is more about the documentary,The latter is better at being lyrical,Both in the history of Soviet and Russian travel and exploration,And the history of my spiritual evolution,Qu Qiubai’s general title of "New Economic Policy" was"the Humanization of Communism",Made the general judgment,the general evaluation,To point out its essence is to combine the abstract principles of Marxism with the specific national conditions of Russia,Shows profound theoretical insight.Wu Dingchang "China’s"New Economic Policy ",draw lessons from the idea of Russia" New Economic Policy",carry forward the Chinese traditional thought of economic ethics,with sun yat-sen’s spirit,combining the successful experience of European and American capitalist system,into a word,is the study of "New Economic Policy" is one of the creative famous.The second climax was in the 1950s.From the establishment of new China to the reform and opening up,china-Soviet relations soared,from "Take Russia as a teacher" to"Draw Lessons from the Soviet Union" to "Against Revisionism",China took a tortuous road of learning the Soviet model——,reflecting on the Soviet model——maintaining the Soviet model.In the early 1950s,China pursued a "One-Sided" policy,formed an alliance with the Soviet Union,and began to receive large-scale assistance from the Soviet Union.China Soviet Union were in the honeymoon period.In 1953,the Central Compilation and Translation Bureau was established to systematically translate and publish the works of classic writers such as Manles.This period is given priority to with the translation of the Soviet union,academic circles limited by the lack of material and ideological constraints,basically stay in,propaganda reading level,such as "what is state capitalism"by QianJiaJu,"Lenin’s theory on the worker peasant alliance in the transitional period" by GaoFang etc.,although the author is master,but not play at will,view not the scope of"Concise Course of the Communist Party(Bolshevik)Party History",also not what research,it is the national leaders reflect the theoretical creativity.Mao Zedong,Liu Shaoqi and Zhang Wentian all contributed to the Sinicization of the experience of the "New Economic Policy".Mao Zedong drew on the experience of the"New Economic Policy" and put forward the New democratic theory in combination with the reality of China.Liu Shaoqi put forward the theory of transition,advocating that for a long time,to "consolidate the new democratic system",and do not rush to transition to socialism.Zhang Wentian as early as studying in the Soviet union,contact with "New Economic Policy",agreed with it,1930s,in the Soviet area and Yan’an,he is clearly advocated developing "New Capitalism",in 1948 in charge of northeast economic affairs,he put forward the New democratic economy by state-run economy,cooperative economy,state capitalism,private capitalism,commodity economy,small commodity components,the obvious reference to the inductive analysis of Lenin later was absorbed into the New democratic theory.After the founding of the People’s Republic of China,he was the first of state leaders to question the Stalin Model,and publicly advocate open market,restore the private economy,although therefore criticized,but not regret,he always adhere to seeking truth from facts,investigation and research,apply the "New Economic Policy" thought in China reality,Be worthy of "master of marxist economics".The third climax was in the 1980s.China began reform and opening-up.On the one hand,it actively learned from the West,studied and learned from advanced science and technology,market economy and democratic theories.On the other hand,it paid attention to summarizing the reform experience of the socialist countries of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe for reference.Although this period of Russian and Soviet research,still have politicized,but from the perspective of discipline system and academic norms,academic Russian and Soviet research has started,and reached the golden age in the 80s,formed the Russian and Soviet Chinese school,also has a place in the world academia.First,various societies and research institutions have been established to provide a platform;Secondly,it has published many Russian Soviet research magazines and published a large number of articles Third,the research scholars are in their prime of life,rich in life experience,profound in academic skills,and sometimes have a sense of urgency and critical reflection;Fourth,research issues continue to deepen,theoretical achievements proliferate,and research works exceed translated works for the first time.As one of the important figures in the "New Economic Policy" period,Bukharin began to enter the field of research,and his remarks and thoughts about the "New Economic Policy" have also been explored and explained.Representative works include "New Economic Policy" theory system——theory of Lenin about understanding of the socialist economy,byYang Chengxun and Yu Dazhang in 1985,"Lenin’s New Economic Policy theory",by ShangDeWen in 1987 "historical enlightenment——Soviet" New Economic Policy "rural economy 1921-1930",by Shen Zhihua in 1988.the Soviet socialist road research,by Liu Zhi in 1989."The True Source of the Road to Reform",by WangDong in 1990 etc.,Among them,the "Theoretical System of"New Economic Policy" "written by Yang Chengxun and others is the first monograph of China specifically and systematically discussing the "New Economic Policy" after the founding of the People’s Republic of China,This book carefully combs through Lenin’s original text,Grasping the main line of "socialist commodity economy theory",With it as a thread throughout the book,Analyzing a series of problems,such as the relationship between business and banks,the role of the market,the economic accounting system,various ways of distribution,multiple economic components,the cooperative system and agricultural socialization,the introduction of foreign capital,Exquisite discussion and plain writing,It has a strong realistic pertinence.Wang Dong’s "The True Source of the Road to Reform" is a masterpiece of the study of the "New Economic Policy".The book is divided into three parts,which can explore the historical background,formation process and theoretical connotation of Lenin’s last conception respectively.It is pointed out that Lenin’s final conception is actually a trinity of "New Economic Policy" with "commodity economy" as the core,new political policy with "democratic politics" as the core,and new cultural policy with "cultural revolution" as the core.The essence is to realize the nationalization of marxism,concrete,to explore the backward small peasant countries,under the premise of the regime,through the improved method,the construction of a dynamic,reflect national characteristics,highly democratic overall design of the new system,the overall reform idea can become the socialist country to break the Stalin model,reform the theory of growth point and source.The fourth climax was since the 1990s.With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the establishment of China’s socialist market economy,the study of the "New Economic Policy"has been further developed in depth.During this period,some archival materials were published successively.For example,in 2002,the Selected Records of Soviet History was edited by Shen Zhihua,which included the original archives of all aspects of Soviet history over the past 74 years,including the special archives of "New Economic Policy".From 2007 to 2008,the archive collection "How the "New Economic Policy" Was Broken Down" was published in volume 1-5,which is the original record of the end process of the New Economic Policy.In this period,general works such as "New Soviet History 1917-1985"by Zhou Shangwen in 1990,"Outline of Soviet History 1917-1937",by Chen Zhihua in 1991,"History of the Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union" by Zhou Shangwen in 1993,"Study of Soviet History",by Li Guanqian in 1996 "The History of the Soviet Cultural System" by MaLongSan in 1996,considerable devoted to the "New Economic Policy",There are also a large number of studies of Lenin and Stalin’s works,such as "Leninism Outline",by Li Zhongjie in 1992 Yang Huichun’s "New Exploration of Lenin Economic Thought",in 1992"Leninism Research",by Yu LiangZao in 1993 "Lenin Later Thought Exploration",in 1995 Jiang Changbin edited "Stalin Political Review 1879-1953" in 1997 are involved in the discussion and evaluation of the "New Economic Policy",In 2009,Shen Zhihua edited "The Rise and Collapse of a Great Power:A Special Study of Soviet History 1917-1991 "and in 2010,Lu Nanquan and Huang Zongliang edited "The Truth of the Soviet UnionReflections on 101 Important Issues",reflecting the latest theoretical achievements of Soviet history research at that time,It provides the theoretical background for the research of "New Economic Policy".Special works such as "Lenin" New Economic Policy "and reform",by Tang ShiRun in 1992 "New Economic Policy and the Soviet agricultural socialization road",by Shen Zhihua in 1994 on the basis of rich historical materials,extensive research results at home and abroad,put forward his own views,"New Economic Policytheory research",by Gao Jiwen in 2000,"Historical Breakthrough-Russian Scholars on New Economic Policy"by WangliHua in 2005 marks the" New Economic Policy "research reached a new height."Soviet Society in the New Economic Policy Period" by Huang LiFu and others,and"Russia in the New Economic Policy" by Zheng Yifan in 2013,,are the latest research results on the Russian history in the "New Economic Policy",representing the highest level in this field.The entry point of the two books is different."Soviet Society in the New Economic Policy Period" focuses on examining the changes of the emotions,organization,living conditions and lifestyle of the Soviet farmers,workers,cadres,"Napman" and other groups from the micro perspective of sociology."Russia in the New Economic Policy"focuses on the implementation process of the "new economic" policy,the power struggle at the high level of the Party,intellectual policies,newspaper inspection policies,religious policies,the handling of ethnic relations and the reasons of the end from the macro perspective of political science.If you read "Russia in the New Economic Policy" and"Soviet Society in the New Economic Policy Period" together,you can have a more detailed and deeper understanding of the "New Economic Policy" period on the whole.Under the surface prosperity of the Russian and Soviet research results,there is also a latent crisis.Russian-Soviet studies are not only aphasia in international academic circles,And in the domestic academic circle is also increasingly marginalized,First a large number of research institutions renamed and reorganized;Second,the related journals and magazines shrank sharply;Third,the older generation of famous masters,was gradually fade,Insuficient reserve of new talents;Fourth,the international dialogue and exchanges are obviously insufficient;Fifth,Aging of research topics and methods,Mainly based on macro and qualitative research,Lack of advanced introduction of theories and methods.So,The Russian-Soviet studies in the new period should adhere to the academic bottom line,To properly handle the relationship between academia and politics;Second,we should break the disciplinary boundaries,Actively introducing methods and theories from other disciplines,Third,we should combine macro research and micro research,Hot issues and fundamental issues,Combining modern problems and ancient problems,Fourth,to strengthen international exchanges,Understand the latest developments at the international frontier,Fifth,we should build a good academic environment,Encourage academic criticism and discussion on controversial issues,Form an academic atmosphere of forging ahead.In short,under the background of China’s rise,China’s Russian and Soviet research has the conditions and reason to build a theoretical paradigm of Chinese position and Chinese style,form a""Russian Studies"" and "Lenin School",and become a peer and leader of international Russian-Soviet research.