| The 21st century is the era of knowledge economy,and the importance of knowledge innovation to national development is becoming more and more prominent.In the face of global development problems and regional disparities,countries around the world are actively promoting innovation strategies.At present,there has been much research on national innovation.However,these research mainly focuses on the impact of single or multiple factors on national innovation activities,and little is known about which specific configurational conditions lead to higher levels of national innovation.There is also lack of research on the necessary conditions and bottleneck factors for achieving higher national innovation output.One of the reasons for this gap is that,there lacks a holistic and framework on the national innovation system that has achieved consensus.Another reason for this gap is the mismatch between theory and method in the study of national innovation output.In this context,constructing the comprehensive framework of the national innovation system and exploring the configurational conditions,necessary conditions,bottleneck factors and the relationship between the core variables and the national innovation output could promote the development of the research on the relationship between sufficient and necessary in the national innovation system.It can also provide a basis for the resource demand and policy-making of national innovation output.This dissertation first defines the concept of the national innovation system from a knowledge perspective,and proposes a comprehensive framework including five dimensions: institutions,human capital and research,infrastructure,market sophistication,and business sophistication.And then,this dissertation combine with the qualitative comparative analysis method(QCA)and the necessary condition analysis method(NCA)to explore the configurational differences and core elements of high innovation performance between countries with different income levels as well as the necessary conditions and bottleneck factors of high national innovation performance.The results show that: business sophistication is not only an element present in all major configurational conditions for high income,upper-middle income and lower-middle income countries to achieve high innovation output,but also a core element in the configurational conditions of high-income and lower-middle income countries;in addition,the bottleneck level analysis results show that business sophistication is the most critical bottleneck factor for the countries to achieve a very high level of innovation output among the five dimensions.This dissertation confirms the importance of business sophistication in achieving high national innovation output from a necessity perspective.Business sophistication in the Global Innovation Index report is composed of three sub-pillars:knowledge workers,innovation linkages and knowledge absorption.However,the relevant literature rarely discussed the impact mechanism of knowledge workers,innovation association and knowledge absorption on national innovation output from the macro level.In addition,the relevant literature mainly used patents to measure national innovation output that represent the intellectual property rights.However,patents cannot represent national innovation output in other aspects such as high-end and mid-to-high-end technology production,cultural creativity,entertainment industry and network creativity.Secondly,this dissertation takes 128 countries in the Global Innovation Index report from 2013 to 2019 as the research sample and explores the influence of knowledge workers and knowledge-intensive employment on country’s total innovation output,knowledge and technology output,and creative output from the perspective of sufficiency.And this dissertation also analyzes the moderating effect of ICT use,electronic participation,ICT level and general infrastructure between knowledge workers and country’s total innovation output.The results of empirical study show that:(1)knowledge workers has a significant positive effect on country’s total innovation output,knowledge and technology output,and creative output;compared with knowledge and technology output,knowledge workers has a more significant effect on creative output;(2)knowledge-intensive employment has a significant positive effect on country’s total innovation output and knowledge and technology output,but the effect of knowledge-intensive employment on creative output is not obvious;(3)ICT use,electronic participation,ICT level and general infrastructure all play a moderating role between knowledge workers and country’s total innovation output.Thirdly,based on Marshall’s external agglomeration economic theory,this dissertation explores the influence of innovation linkages,state of cluster development,joint venture strategic alliances and patent families on country’s total innovation output,knowledge and technology output,and creative output.The results of empirical study show that:(1)innovation linkages,state of cluster development,joint venture strategic alliances and patent families all have a significant positive effect on country’s total innovation output,but there is a lag effect on the impact of joint venture strategic alliances on country’s total innovation output;(2)innovation linkages,joint venture strategic alliances and patent families all have a significant positive effect on knowledge and technology output;but the effect of state of cluster development on knowledge and technology output is not obvious;(3)state of cluster development has a significant positive effect on creative output,but the effect of innovation linkages,joint venture strategic alliances and patent families on creative outpu is not obvious.Fourthly,based on international trade theory,this dissertation explores the influence of knowledge absorption and FDI on country’s total innovation output,knowledge and technology output,and creative output.Then,this dissertation compares the differences in the impact of knowledge absorption on country’s total innovation outputin between different economic development levels.And this dissertation also analyzes the moderating effect of ICT use,electronic participation,ICT level and general infrastructure between knowledge absorption and country’s total innovation output.The results of empirical study show that:(1)knowledge absorption has a significant positive effect on country’s total innovation output,knowledge and technology output,and creative output;compared with national creative output,knowledge absorption has a more significant effect on national knowledge and technology output;FDI net inflows has a significant positive effect on country’s total innovation output and knowledge and technology output,but the effect of FDI on creative output is not obvious;(2)on the whole,the promotion effect of knowledge absorption on innovation output is stronger in countries or regions with higher economic development levels;(3)ICT use,electronic participation,ICT level and general infrastructure all play a moderating role between knowledge absorption and country’s total innovation output.Finally,this dissertation explores the interaction mechanism of the three sub-pillars of business sophistication and the empirical results show that:(1)innovation linkages plays a moderating role between knowledge workers and country’s total innovation output;innovation linkages also plays a moderating role between knowledge absorption and country’s total innovation output.(2)knowledge workers plays a moderating role between knowledge absorption and country’s total innovation output;and knowledge workers also plays a mediating effect role between knowledge absorption and country’s total innovation output.(3)knowledge absorption plays a moderating role between knowledge workers and country’s total innovation output;knowledge absorption plays a mediating effect role between knowledge workers and country’s total innovation output. |
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