| Ecological Rehabilitation Project of Soil and Water Conservation in Laicheng is one of experimental projects of National Soil and Water Conservation ecological restoration project. It studies on Laiwu ecological restoration project of Soil and Water Conservation District ,Monitor and analysis the ecological, economic and social benefits after different types of ecological restoration using macro and micro combined monitoring, combined remote sensing information monitoring and artificial combined manual observations on the spot, combined long-term continuous observation and short-term temporary observation and time series sequence compare with the space observation methods. The result indicated that the ecological rehabilitation project of soil and water conservation had got obvious ecological, economic and social efficiency. The main results are as flowing:(1)Ecological restoration measures ClassificationOn the basis of Comprehensive Surveying the project area, according to the site type, the existing situation and the purpose of the restoration, at the same time combining ecological restoration project of technical features and benefits, Ecological restoration will be a pilot project for the regional ecological restoration measures divided into two major categories and four sub-categories.(2)The cover degree of forest and grassland in the ecological restoration area increased significantly, the vegetation cover degree increased.The forest and grassland degree was from 57.7% to 66.8% after ecological rehabilitation, increased 9.1%.The average cover degree of forest land was 0.87, which was significantly higher than other types. The cover degree of broad-leaved Forest is higher than which of coniferous forest. From the different restoration measures, the cover degree of artificial forest is higher than which of the uncultivated land closing measures.(3)The vegetation conditions of ecological Restoration Area is improved significantly and the biomass dad been improved obviously. After ecological rehabilitation, the underground root biomass and the overground forest biomass were both improved obviously. The artificial forest has the maximum root density which is 5.91 kg/m3, reforestation pattern takes the second place (5.76 kg/m3), and then supplement planting of sparse forest(5.73 kg/m3), Shrubs closing(5.66 kg/m3),the uncultivated land closing(4.98 kg/m3)reduce in turn.(4)The vegetation communities in ecological restoration region were obviously increased.The vegetation communities in item region after ecological rehabilitation were obviously increased, the foliage variety were more abundance. The vegetation type increased 2 genus, the vegetation communities increased 3 genus, the item region has 242 species of seed plants after ecological rehabilitation , arbor vegetation increased 3 genus, the shrub vegetation increased 5 genus , and the herb vegetation increased 16 genus.(5)The species diversity of vegetation communities in item region were obviously improved because of the ecological rehabilitation project.After ecological rehabilitation the species diversity and richness of vegetation communities in item region were obviously improved. The diversity and uniformity degree index of supplement planting of sparse forest is the highest of all which is (0.29,0.30),and then artificial forest(0.27,0.26),Shrubs closing(0.26,0.14),the uncultivated land closing(0.24,0.01)reduce in turn.(6)The ecological rehabilitation project accelerated the vegetation natural succession.After ecological rehabilitation different vegetation communities all succeed to improving the community ecological efficiency direction, but the succeeding course and the vegetation community structure were different.①The manmade forest closing, supplement planting of sparse forest and the uncultivated land afforestation measure: The vegetations of these three ecological rehabilitations were all manmade communities, before rehabilitation the arbor trees were very single, after closing, the tree seed were still Platycladus orientalis, Robinia pseudoacacia ,Pinus densiflora and Pinus tabulaeformis , that were introduced into by man. But with the increasing of the closing years, in the community of better condition some reasonable trees would be settled in such as Cotinus coggygris, Ulmus parvifolia, Quercus, it's arbor shrub and herb specify, diversity and evenness intended to improving intension .②The closing shrub community ,this rehabilitation style is to manage arbor as shrub, the species diversity and uniformity degree of shrubs would increase obviously, still mainly oak Lan. The species diversity and uniformity degree of herbage would increase along with shrubs. The whole vegetation communities tend to improve the community ecological efficiency direction.③The uncultivated land closing communities: After the communities closing, in the near future it most was shrub and grassland, its diversity and richness would be obviously improved. But with the extending of closing time, some reasonable arbor trees would break in, at last it forms into compound and different-age forest structure including arbor, shrub and herb, and its ecological efficiency would be increased obviously.(7)The soil structure and water status were obviously improved, the soil porosity was enhanced.①The soil structure parameters were improved:According to the manmade forest closing, the soil MWD of broad-leaved forest(1.95) is bigger than which of coniferous forest(1.82). After ecological rehabilitation the MWD of supplement planting of sparse forest, the uncultivated land closing, shrubs closing and artificial forest were increased 0.1,0.02,0.14 and 0.12. From the soil FD, the broad-leaved forest (2.46) were smaller than the single forest (2.48). After ecological rehabilitation the soil FD of supplement planting of sparse forest, the uncultivated land closing , shrubs closing and artificial forest were decreased0.04,0.03,0.03 and 0.02. The soil density of broad-leaved forest (1.11 g/cm3)is smaller than which of coniferous forest in manmade forest closing(1.14 g/cm3). After ecological rehabilitation the FD of supplement planting of sparse forest, the uncultivated land closing, shrubs closing and artificial forest measure were decreased 0.02 g/cm3,0.08 g/cm3,0.03 g/cm3 and 0.13g/cm3, artificial forest measure was decreased mostly. As the soil porosity, the mean soil total porosity, capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity of the broad-leaved forest and the coniferous forest were (51.17%,47%),(32.34%,31.94)and(18.83%,15.2). After ecological rehabilitation the mean soil total porosity, capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity of supplement planting of sparse forest, the uncultivated land closing, shrubs closing and artificial forest measure were increased (4.26%,0.59%,3.66%),(1.56%,0.34%,1.22%),(2.45%,0.95%,1.49%)and(4.21%,3.7%,0.51%).②the soil moisture was obviously increased.In manmade forest closing measure, the soil moisture of the broad-leaved forest(25mm) is higher than which of the coniferous forest(24.09mm). After ecological rehabilitation the soil moisture of supplement planting of sparse forest, the uncultivated land closing, shrubs closing and artificial forest measure were increased 1.34mm,0.41mm,3.2mm and 3mm.(8)The vegetation water accumulation and containing efficiency of ecological rehabilitation region were increased obviously.After ecological rehabilitation the vegetations'canopy water containing, litter accumulating, litter water containing and soil saturated water containing quantity were all obviously increased.①In hill closing for forestation measure, the total water cumulating quantity of manmade forest closing was 2172.9t/hm2, increased by 1034.6 t/hm2 than before the uncultivated land closing(113.83 t/hm2). After ecological rehabilitation the total water cumulating quantity of supplement planting of sparse forest, the uncultivated land closing, shrubs closing and artificial forest measure were increased 114.6 t/hm2,95.5 t/hm2,256.0 t/hm2 and 260.7 t/hm2. The total water cumulating quantity of manmade forest closing is the highest of all measures ,artificial forest takes the second place and then shrubs closing, supplement planting of sparse forest and uncultivated land afforestation measure reduce in turn.②The ground runoff and runoff production rate were less than comparison region, among these, the ground runoff quantity and runoff production rate of the mixed forests were the lowest, the single forest was lower (16.99 mm～22.75 mm),the comparison region was the highest(31.61mm).(9)The soil and water loss intensity of ecological rehabilitation decreased, the soil erosion quality reduced.①The soil and water area reduced, the soil and water loss intensity decreased: The soil and water loss area of item region decreased from 234.12km2 to 161.73 km2, decreased by 72.39 km2.②The land using structure was improved, the forest area increased.③The soil erosion modulus was reduced: After ecological rehabilitation, the soil erosion modulus of item region was 1114t/km2﹒a, was reduced 357t/ km2﹒a, decreased 71.4 t/ km2﹒a annually.④The soil conservation efficiency was obvious. The soil conservation efficiency was 24.3%, it decreased 95151t after ecological rehabilitation.(10)The economic efficiency was improved obviously.The direct economic efficiency is mostly from the increasing production of crops and timber, the annual income is 2.06 million Yuan. The ecological rehabilitation measure not only took direct economic efficiency but also take indirect economic efficiency, and it improved the local farmer income.(11)The social efficiency of ecological rehabilitation was prominent①The structure of land use was adjusted, land use is becoming more rational, the proportion of orchard land increased dramatically.②The industrial structure in the item region was adjusted. The proportion of agriculture and animal husbandry declined, but the proportion of the orchard industry and sideline increased substantially.③The capacity of the environment is improved, the contradiction between people and land become catabatic, labor productivity is improved, the per capita net income of farmers increase.④The flood, fire and pest control efficiency of the ecological restoration project is significant. The affected area and direct economic losses was reduced. Above all, the ecological rehabilitation efficiency of item region was better, but it still existed ecological frail tache and need increase the forest closing and afforestation intensity, it let the forest vegetation cover degree and community cover degree improve, the forest vegetation structure was more reasonable so as to the function and efficiency was exerted better.
|
PDF Full Text Request