| Objective: To determine the association between the human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) polymorphism and susceptibility.of esophageal carcinoma in Kazakh and Han nationality in Xinjiang, and to explore the environmental risk factors of esophageal carcinoma. Methods: A case- control study was conducted. The objects included 132 patients with esophageal carcinoma of Kazakh and 254 cancer-free controls, and 107 patients with esophageal carcinoma of Han and 213 controls. The polymorphisms of HLA-G gene 14bp deletion at rs16375 and 0105N at rs4155751 were genotyped by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) respectively. Results: (1) The frequencies of rs16375 genotypes, +14bp/+14bp,-14bp/+14bp,-14bp/-14bp were 9.09%,50.00%,40.91% and 18.33%,51.00%,30.67% in Kazakh's cases and controls respectively. There was significant difference in the frequencies of rs16375 genotypes and allele between cases and controls (χ2=7.54, P=0.02,χ2=6.80, P=0.01). Compared with those who had +14bp/+14bp genotype, the individuals with -14bp/-14bp genotype had a 2.69-fold (95%CI: 1.30~5.55) increased risk of developing EC. The frequencies of rs41557518 genotypes, C/–,C/C,–/– were 8.33%,91.67%,0% and 11.95%,88.05%,0.00% in Kazakh's cases and controls respectively. There was no statistical difference in the frequencies of rs41557518 genotypes and allele between cases and controls (χ2=1.19, P=0.28,χ2=1.13, P=0.29). Compared with those who had +14bp/+14bp and C/C genotypes, the individuals with -14bp/-14bp and C/C genotypes had a 2.82-fold (95%CI: 1.32-6.04) increased risk of developing EC. (2) The frequencies of rs16375 genotypes, +14bp/+14bp,-14bp/+14bp,-14bp/-14bp were 16.82%,53.27%,29.91% and 11.37%,51.66%,36.97% in Han's cases and controls respectively. There was no statistical difference in the frequencies of rs16375 genotypes and allele between cases and controls (χ2=2.65, P=0.27,χ2=2.33, P=0.13). The frequencies of rs41557518 genotypes, C/–, C/C,–/– were 23.36%,76.64%,0.00% and 14.22%,85.78%,0.00% in Han's cases and controls respectively. There was significant difference in the frequencies of rs41557518 genotypes between cases and controls (χ2=4.15, P=0.04), but not in the frequencies of allele(χ2=3.76,P=0.05). Compared with those who had–/–and C/–genotype, the individuals with C/C genotype had a 1.84-fold (95%CI: 1.02~3.32) increased risk of developing EC. (3) The environmental risk factors of esophageal carcinoma in Kazakh populations were family history, smoking, alcohol, boiling tea, not sanitation of drinking water, suannaigeda, tea with milk, smoked flesh, boiling food. Population attributable risk (PAR) of each factor was 59.80%,33.47%,73.38%,61.01%,49.21%,74.06%,73.82%,74.73% respectively. The combined PAR of the eleven factors was 89.34%. In Han nationality, family history, pickled vegetables, smoked flesh, and boiling food were environmental risk factors. Population attributable risk (PAR) of each factor was17.42%,26.81%,50.05% respectively. The combined PAR of the three factors was 96.38%. Conclusion: HLA-G14bp (rs16375) polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility of esophageal cancer in Kazakh nationality, but not in Han nationality. HLA-G*0105N(rs41557518)polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility of esophageal cancer in Han nationality, but not in Kazakh nationality in Xinjiang. It could be reduced susceptibility to esophageal cancer to change condition of drinking water and diet manner that eating more fresh milk,vegetables,fruit and yoghurt, eating mildewed and smoked foods a little or not.
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