The Overview On Political Meetings During The Reign Of Yuan Shikai

The Political Conference was a political consulative body established during the time of Yuan Shikai's Centralization of power. For the establishment of warlord despotic rule, Yuan infinitely expanded its functions. It is also a conflict contradiction between the modern democracy and tyranny. It lasted for six months, from the inception in December 15, 1913 to June 10, 1914 which was replaced by council of state. Meanwhile, its appearance exerted a great influence on opening the way for the power scramble of Yuan and providing "legal" basis for the damage to Democratic Republicanism. During that period, the terms of reference was replaced by the legislature, even more than the legislature, As a result, the administrative dapartment which is controled by Yuan Shikai was far outmatched legislative and judicature. The Council members were arrested, the Congress can not function properly, the Political Conference was termination. Congress was dismissed invisibly, the legislature no longer exists. Political council members were not elected, but selected, controlled ultimately by the Yuan. It was just through the financial intervention of Political Conference, cutting down and merged the judicature as well as controling the mind, Yuan re-distributed the power under the rights of democratic institutions to focus on one hand, and gradually built up a dictatorial system. The Political Conference served as a tool of tyranny and Yuan did all these things under the guise of democracy. This paper makes a brief investigation on Political Conference, including social and historical conditions, operational process and the influence. It aims at in-depth investigation on the process of the destruction of democratic republic system and the establishment of authoritarian.This study is divided into three parts:The first part describes the emergence of political meetings. Modern Chinese bourgeois democratic institutions as the main objective to save the peril, the Qing government reform failed several times, revolutionary violence. Revolution, to overthrow authoritarian regimes, establishment of democratic institutions, the highest Republican leadership fell into the hands of Yuan Shikai. Equality of democratic decentralization system and concept of a conflict Yuan Autocratic. Yuan tried to destroy the democratic republic political and achieve personal centralization. October 10, 1913, officially the Republic of China Yuan Shikai was elected president, by virtue of individual rights, illegal arrest members of Congress, both houses of Congress because of insufficient number of members, not the normal meeting. People fear being openly reviled the dissolution of parliament, by Yuan-hand control of the establishment of a political advisory body, to complete his political task assigned. Political Council Members selected by the Yuan ordered the meeting after discussion the rules on political meetings by the National Chiao Tung University President for approval.The second part of the sub-administrative, judicial, financial, ideological and cultural aspects to introduce the four main activities of the political meeting and the content. Yuan Shikai to restore the feudal era of personal authoritarianism, democracy and the rule of law must put under the legislative and judicial powers concentrated in his hands. Administration, the Congress is not enough regular meeting. Yuan political meetings held to discuss the stop Congress, the legislature re-open the foreseeable future. At the same time a political conference on the abolition of local self-government bodies and provincial councils, and fundamentally reduce democratic electoral system. Justice, Yuan ordered cut down and merge local primary justice agencies, mergers resumed Prefecture administrative, judicial, and expand the authoritarian rule of justice, to expand executive power of judicial intervention, undermining judicial independence. Strengthen local Autocratic. Financially, the Yuan through the political meetings, the elimination of local expenditures, expansion of central revenue, against progressive initiatives, wantonly institutions to establish a personal dictatorship. Thinking, and Yuan resolved through political meetings, to re-establish Confucianism hijack, strengthen authoritarian rule, such as through the restoration of the old system indirectly heaven Confucius open the way for the monarchy. The third part through the analysis of the first two parts, discusses the role of political meetings. First, the political meeting was to re-establish political authority Yuan as a political tool. The feudal autocratic concept and yuanshikai conflict democratic republic system. Yuanshikai to establish supreme status, trying to reduce the constraints of its democracy. Not to get completely in yuan shikai when he controlled by the need to construct the political tools. Secondly, political meeting is yuanshikai cloaking democracy, destroy democracy constitutes the powerful weapon. Through the political meeting to discuss, resolution, political meeting authority enlarged unlimitedly, and finally focused on yuanshikai hands. Analysis shows that the emergence of a political meeting with the contemporary social historical conditions closely related. Finally, the political control of the meeting is a tool of YuanShikai. Political Council of the staff, resolved the case consultation process, political affiliation, to discuss the process of analysis, known as YuanShikai's autocratic centralization of political meeting an important tool, and become a political tool of the rich colors representative of Yuan. However, Yuan and representatives of the political tool against the direction of political development in China, it has a short duration. Eventually, the Yuan, and he set up a political tool to extinction.