Reconstruction Of The Power And Resisting Of The Profits: The Political Ideals And Practices Of The KuoMingTang Of Kiangsu And ChekiangChang (1928-1931)

It is well learned that the Chinese KuoMinTang(KMT), which was reformed in 1924, imitated the Russia Party. This phenomenon indicated that the KMT discarded the road of parliamentary party which came from the west and chose the role of uncompetitive party. That's to say, this party will administer the country by itself and train the people to use the rights in order to build the really constitutional country. According to the Sun Yan-sen, the China should choose the political road different from the west because of the weak aware of participating in political affairs in people. it is the KMT that helps the people to use these rights in order to achieve the constitutional policy in China. So, the reform of the KMT in 1924 indicated that the China entered to the time of party; the influence of it would last far, proved by the history.The KMT learned the rules and organization from the Russia Party; it appeared the evident Russia sign. According to the model of Leninism Party, there are Party and government institutions in the regime; the status of Party is higher than latter. It doesn't interferer with the specific administrative acts of the government, but controls the members in it in order to exert to influence for the latter. The Party controls the government via holding the power for appointing to the main directors in the departments of it firmly. But actually, The KMT didn't copy the model of Leninism Party in the construction of organization completely after 1924. The question, that whether status of the local organizations in KMT was higher than the equal one in government, couldn't be answered easily. Generally, the main local organizations in KMT may exert to influence for the latter and it also identity the power from the party before the April 12th Incident, such as overthrowing the evil and powerful elements in a community, mobilizing the masses to organize groups. However, the phenomenon had changed rapidly with the April 12th Incident, many radical local party organizations have suffered purge because they were framed the suspicion of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) by the evil and powerful elements, political opponents and armies, plenty of the left members in KMT were executed.With the stable of the center of GMT in China, it faced the tense relationship between the local government and the party and was frightened by the radical actions of the some local branches in the party in the period of Great Revolution. It defined the obscure relationship between the local government and the party, that was the local government and party may supervise each other and own the status of equality. It seemed that this way was equality, but actually, the local party was laid on the insignificant level compared with the local government. Of course, the party rejected to accept this phenomenon. They launched some movements, such as increasing the power of the party, eradicating the superstition, and reducing the peasants'burdens, in order to recapture the power belonged to them before. This seemed that the local party performed their power normally; however, they planed to increase the influence and reconstruct the power in the local regime via launching these movements.As to the central authority of KMT owned the whole China superficially, it failed to make the branches of the party enter the whole society in many provinces. The so-called "party state" was nominal. But, the Kiangsu and Chekiang province was the core of the KMT after the building of the Republic of China in Nanjing. That was because this area not only was the protective screen, but the main sources of the finance in Republic of China. That's to say, the Kiangsu and Chekiang was the model for the KMT from 1928 to 1931, such as the structure of the regime and of the party. This paper will study organization of the local party in this area and the members' effort so as to achieve the reconstruction of the power in the regime.This paper will study the organization and members'constitution of the KMT in Kiangsu and Chekiang in order to know their political ideas and practices. From doing that, we can understand the local party came across these obstacles when they tried to reconstruct the power in local regime. There is a vague cognition in academic circle how the organization of KMT in Kiangsu and Chekiang changed after the April 12th, 1927. The one reason is the frequent reorganization in there; the other is that there isn't enough attention to it in academic circle. The organization of KMT in Chekiang and Kiangsu, especial to the latter, was reorganized frequently in two years after the April 12th,1927 because of the different political ideas between the center and the local in KMT. Compared with the Kiangsu, the development of organization of KMT in Chekiang was better than the former in the field of the total member. The total one in Kiangsu hasn't exceeded the quantity in 1927 even that the former declined. This phenomenon wasn't only lower than the Chekiang, but than the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) which was in undergrad. The reason was the intense factional fight in them mainly. The Kiangsu and Chekiang were similar to the whole KMT in the form of member's constitution, there was a tendency of elite, which were composed of stratum of intellectuals and failed to absorb the lowest class. It led to the weak capability of mobilizing the masses.The party of Kiangsu and Chekiang has done their best in order to increase their power in the local regime. There was a conflict between the provincial government and party in Hangzhou about taking over affairs of the local party. The former refused to hand over the property, which belonged to the party, to the accredited representatives. This phenomenon led to the intense debate between them, they criticized each other via cable and newspaper. As their subordinates, the government and party of the county supported their higher level. Facing on this situation, the center of the KMT, which was an arbitrator, changed its original ideas which supported the party of Chekiang to go to the line of government in there. It decided to recalled the accredited representatives as the appease means for the government led to the sharp drop of local party's status.The local party of Kiangsu and Chekiang eradicated the superstition in the society vigorously in order to increase the influence in the regime. Not only conducted they propaganda for the masses, but took part in these activities which destroyed the God of the city's statue directly. On the one hand, it hoped to mobilize the masses; on the other hand, these activities showed the party's strength to the local government. It's a pity that these activities encountered the strong bounce-back form the local government and gentries because of separating them from the masses and their casual and crude way of working. As to the local government, it was per fit for them to eradicate the superstition, however, they didn't endure these activities, which were led by the party directly, gave rise to the social chaos. it can be understand that the governments changed their attitude for it step by step. As to the third party---center of the KMT, it always was forced to give response for eradicating the superstition; this phenomenon reflected the making of the relative laws and regulations and solving the dispute between the local party and government. Although it wanted to bring these activities into the way of rules, the failure still appeared because of the changing quickly situation. Facing with the conflict between the local party and government from eradicating the superstition, the center of KMT made the choice of supporting the government.The policy of reducing peasant's burdens, which was decided by Sun yat-sen, must be obeyed by not only the center of KMT but the local government. Plenty of gentries transformed to heterogenizion after abolished of the civil service examination system of in late Qing dynasty. The large part of the countryside was occupied by the evil and powerful elements in a community, the peasants suffered from their oppression seriously. The KMT continued to implement the policy of "down with the local tyrants and evil gentry", and set up the special court to punish them. In general, this policy was abolished year by year, meanwhile, the local tyrants and evil gentry continued to play a broker of the government in countryside. Reducing peasant's burdens was reflected by the policy of "25% off the land rent" from the making to implementing. The Chekiang was the model one in China about implementing this policy in the period of preliminary political tutelage. This paper will research mainly the policy of propaganda and implementing from the party of Chekiang and the confliction between the provincial government and party because the former ceasing the policy, and show the three-part interactive among the provincial government, party and the center of the KMT. In this case, the provincial government abolished the "25% off the land rent" on the pretence of initiating dispute considering its own account, and then it decided to impose prerequisitioned land tax. The party of this province opposed to this decision violently at the same time. The center of the KMT decided to change the "ceasing 25% off the land rent" to "suspending of it" at last. It was seemed that the center of KMT agreed with the provincial government, the party suffered a drastic fall in its prestige, the intention of reconstruction in power failed to achieve certainly.The reconstruction of power, which came from the party of Kiangsu and Chekiang, was based on the building of the regime from the KMT. Faced on the recourse from the local party, the center of the KMT chose to stand by the government's side always. The reason was that the center of KMT didn't locate the position of the local party in the regime, such as the model of Leninist party——the power of the party beyond the government, but look it as the similar parliament to supervise the government. The local party failed to obtain the supporting from the center because of the vague location for the local party. It was easy for us to understand that the reconstruction of power in local regime went to failing.