Studying On The Migration And Its Influence Of Minority Nations In Yanyun Area From The Ninth To Tenth Century

The Yanyun area in 9th-10th century refers to the sixteen states balkanized to Liao Dynasty by Shijingtang of the Later Jin Dynasty, and the scope approximately included today's the East of Shanxi Province, the Southeast of Mongolia, the North of Hebei Province, the capital and its neighboring areas. The sixteen states and their relevant present place names were: You (present Beijing), Ji (present Ji County in Hebei Province ), Ying (present Hejian in Hebei Province), Mo (present Renqiu in Hebei Province), Zhuo (present Zhuo County in Hebei Province), Tan (present Miyun in Hebei Province), Shun (present Shunyi in Hebei Province), Gui (present Huailai in Hebei Province), Ru (present Yanqing in Hebei Province), Xin (present Zhulu in Hebei Province), Wu (present Xuanhua in Hebei Province), Yun (present Datong in Shanxi Province), Ying (present Ying County in Shanxi Province), Shuo (present Shuo County in Shanxi Province), Huan (present Yi Town in northeast of Shuo County in Shanxi Province), Wei (present Wei County in Shanxi Province).Due to the soon losing of Ying and Mo after Liao Dynasty occupied them, the research objects of this article are the fourteen states except Ying and Mo, among which You, Ji, Zhuo, Tan and Shun belonged to Nanjingdao of Liao Dynasty, called Youji area; the other nine states were located in Xijingdao, called Yunshuo area. The number of minority nations who were active in Yanyun area in the 19th-20th century was at least 18, including the Qidan, the Xi, the Tuyuhun, the Shatuo, the Dada, the Tujue, the Qibi, the Hun, the Huihu, the Bohai, the Shiwei, the Dangxiang, the Nvzhen, the Weijueli, the Heisha, the Anqing, the Jiufu, the Sage and so forth. The following is going to briefly discuss each migration condition according to its paternal line. First, the Donghu's paternal line: the Qidan, the Xi, the Tuguhun, the Shiwei, the Dada and the Weijueli 1. the Qidan. In the late 9th century, the Qidan took the opportunity of lack of enough defenses in Tang Dynasty's border to disturb Youji area under the excuse of grazing. In the early 10th century, with the growing power of the Qidan, Yanyun area was under Liao Dynasty's practical control before balkanized to Liao Dynasty. After the balkanization of Yanyun area, Liao regime moved large population of the Qidan to this area. By the end of 10th century, the only number of Liao Dynasty's Qidan soldiers in Youji area was up to tens of thousands. 2. the Xi. The Xi immigrated to Gui state in Yanyun area at the end of the Tang Dynasty. In the early 10th century, the Xi were migrated to areas outside Yanyun area. However, after the balkanization of Yanyun area to Liao Dynasty, the Qidan once more diverted Xi soldiers to defend the South of Yanyun for them. By the end of 10th century, the number of Liao Dynasty's Xi soldiers in Yanyun area was at least ten thousands. 3. the Tuguhun. The Tuguhun immigrated to Yun state in Yanyun area at the beginning of Wen Emperor of the Tang Dynasty (A.D. 836-A.D.840), and their tribes spread around Wei state at the period of Yi Emperor (A.D.860-A.D.874). In the period from the end of the 9th century to the balkanization of Yanyun area to Liao Dynasty, the number of Tuguhun tribes had grown from thousands to tens of thousands, and their habitats had extended to Ying stateand to even other places in Yunshuo area. Large number of Tuguhun tribes moved south to the Later Jin Dynasty after the balkanization of Yanyun area to Liao Dynasty. However, until the end of the 10th century, there were still certain numbers of Tuguhun habitats in Yunshuo area. 4. the Shiwei. The Shiwei peeked south to You state at the period of Wu Emperor of the Tang Dynasty (A.D.841-A.D.846), but the most part of them were captured and moved into Youji area. In the first half of the 10th century, there were more than ten thousand Shiwei people moving into Yunshuo area. After the balkanization of Yanyun area to Liao Dynasty, the most part of them defended the West and the North of border land for Liao Dynasty, and only thousands of troopers defended Yanyun area. 5. the Dada. At the end of the 9th century, the Dada were recruited by Likeyong to crack down Huangchao Uprising after which they immigrated into Yunshuo area. The Dada moved to live in Yun state after Likeyong defeated Helianduo in Yun state. However, from the third year of Changxing period of the Later Tang Dynasty (A.D. 932) to Xiande period (A.D.954-A.D.960), there were Dada people continuously moving south out of Yun state. 6. the Weijueli. In the early 10th century, the Weijueli were conquered by the Qidan. After the balkanization of Yanyun area to Liao Dynasty, thousands of Weijueli troopers defended the South of Yanyun area for the Qidan. Second, the Tujue phylum's paternal line: the Tujue, the Shatuo, the Heisha, the Huihu, the Qibi, and the Hun. 1. the Tujue. In the fourth year of Changxin period (A.D. 933), the Tujue who were attached to the Later Tang Dynasty were settled in Yunshuo area. After the balkanization of Yanyun area to Liao Dynasty, the Tujue movedsouth to within the borders of the Later Jin Dynasty. 2. the Shatuo. In the first half of the 9th century, the Shatuo moved into Yunshuo area. At the end of the 9th century, the Shatuo's habitats broke up the limitation of Yunshuo area, and extended to Yanji area. After the balkanization of Yanyun area to Liao Dynasty, a part of the Shatuo moved south to within the borders of the Later Jin Dynasty. After the downfall of the Later Han Dynasty, the most part of Shatuo people moved into the mainland, still a part of them were living in Yun state, Shuo state and other places. 3. the Heisha. The Heisha was the name of the remaining tribes of the Tujue. The Heisha together with the Shiwei peeked south to You state at the period of Wu Emperor of the Tang Dynasty (A.D.841-A.D.846), but large part of them were captured and moved into Youji area. 4. the Huihu. The Huihui were defeated twice by Tang troops at the second year of Huichang period (A.D. 842), and there were at least tens of thousands of Huihu people moving into Yanyun area. After that, many Huihu people were living in the area between Yun state and shuo state, and You state generation after generation. 5. the Qibi. In the early Huichang period (A.D. 843), there was large number of Qibi people. In the middle of the 9th century, there were Qibi's habitats in Yun, Shuo and Taiyuan. After the balkanization of Yanyun area to Liao Dynasty, the Qibi moved south to within the borders of the Later Jin Dynasty. 6. the Hun. At the second year of Huichang period (A.D. 842), their tribes had already moved to the north parts of Yunshuo area. After the balkanization of Yanyun area to Liao Dynasty, the Hun moved south to within the borders ofthe Later Jin Dynasty. Third, the Sushen's paternal line: the Bohai, the Nvzhen. 1. the Bohai. The Bohai mainly moved into Yanyun area after the balkanization of Yanyun area to Liao Dynasty. In the confrontation with the Later Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, the number of Bohai soldiers arranged in the Youji area by the Liao Dynasty was at least ten thousand. 2. the Nvzhen. After the balkanization of Yanyun area to Liao Dynasty, like the Shiwei, there were also thousands of Nvzhen troopers defending borders for the Qidan. Fourth, other nations: the Dangxiang, the Anqing, the Sage and the Jiufu. 1. the Dangxiang. There were Dangxiang's habitats in both Xijingdao and Nanjingdao of Yanyun area in Liao Dynasty. Like the Weishi, the number of Dangxiang troopers in Nanjing Road was only thousands. 2. the Anqing, the Sage and the Jiufu. The Anqing, the Sage and the Jiufu were all Sute people. The Anqing and the Sage were the Sute people integrated into the Shatuo. The Jiufu appeared with the Shatuo and the Anqing; after the balkanization of Yanyun area to Liao Dynasty, the Jiufu also moved south to within the borders of the Later Jin Dynasty with the Shatuo and others. The minority nations who were active in Yanyun area in the 9th-10th century had exerted great influence. Firstly, each minority population supplemented the Yanyun area's population loss caused by the wars in the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties, and the early Liao Dynasty. Only from the 9th century to the time before the balkanization of Yanyun area to Liao Dynasty, the minority population moving into this area was at least thirty...