Research On The Poems Written After Failing In The Imperial Examinations In Tang Dynasty

The poems written after failing in the imperial examination were very important in Tang Dynasty, they could be written to eliminate the emotion of sorrow by the failures, or to comfort the failures by their's friends.According to the different identities of the writers: failures or their friends, these poems can be divided into two categories. The first one can be divided into three categories in further, to express the writers' emotions, to present others, and to detain the ones who were sending them off. The emotions in the failures' poems include anxiety, shyness, anger and compunction. The failures usually wrote poems to two kinds of people, their good friends to praise the precious friendship, and the officials or the distinguished personages who took charge of the examinations to inspire them so that they would help the failures. On the occasions of department, the poems written by the friends were much more than the ones written by the failures themselves, the main tendency of emotions in the former category was to comfort the failures. The emotions in the different categories sometimes were intersectant, and the accordaturas of the emotions in the poems changed in different periods.The poems written after failing are excellent in the means of artistic expression, which embodies in the following aspects. They took on a sorrowful feature, various artistic styles existed concurrently, and they used comparisons very often. The poems written after failing also have their localizations in the means of artistic expression :some poems were written according to the fixed pattern, the same literary quotations and imagos were used in different poems again and again. The description of sceneries in the poems written after failing was very fragmentary, and was mingled with the writers' emotions. The literary quotations in the poems written after failing can be divided into two kinds: obverse ones and reverse ones.The writers reconstructed the literary quotations when they used them. The localization of using literary quotations was that the reiteration of the reverse literary quotations made the emotions in the poems too sad.Most writers of the poems written after failing were poor persons , they were usually beaten and supplanted by the aristocrats,and some factors of the system of the examinations in Tang Dynasty were also bad for the poor persons. Many poor persons expressed the emotion that they couldn't be appreciated in their poems, and criticized the reasons that made them fail, especial for the system of recommending and the fraudulent practices of the aristocrats. Many poems written after failing praised the capacity of the poor persons, and it was a pity that the poor persons' capacity couldn't be appreciated and used. The expression of this emotion in the poems written after failing also has its localization, and it was caused by the essential reason of scholar-bureaucrats couldn't be appreciated in the feudal society.