The Function Of Yuan Dynasty's Han Nationality Scholars In Supervision System

Inherited from the system of the Song, Liao and Jin Dynasty and mixed with the old Mongolia customs, the Supervision System has its own unique style. The specialty of choosing the officials in Yuan Dynasty causes the much more frequency of bribes, which can show us the significance of the Supervision System. The development of the Supervision System is much related with the ups and downs of Yuan Dynasty. Of the Supervision System, the Han scholars play the irreplaceable role in it. Based on the research achievements before, the thesis analyses some aspects of the Supervision System in the way combines with the history arguments, including the origin, duties and characteristics and its function in theory and practice, etc..The foreword part gives us the general situation of the Supervision System and explains the range of the Han scholars. There are four grades people in the Yuan Dynasty. Of these four grades, the Han scholars refer to the Han scholars in the third grade and the southern Han scholars in the fourth grade.The first chapter introduces the source of the Han officials in the Supervision System which includes two main ways: the officers chosen by the supervision institution and directly assigned by the emperor. After the fist year of Da De period of Cheng Zong emperor, it is YuShitai that has the ability of choosing the Tai officials. Only the LianFangsi officials are chosen by both the Province and the Tai. The optional officials from its own supervision institution are at first chosen from the civil officials. And the Han officials who suit the proper requirements and have passed the imperial examinations can be chosen in the supervision institution. The directly assigned supervision officials by the emperor can be divided into two parts: the first are the Han scholars lived in the fifth year of ZhiYuan (about 1269) who are friends with YuanChengzu before he became the emperor; the second scholars directly assigned by the YuShizhongcheng, generally speaking, those who gain the most trust and appreciation by the emperor.The second paragraph gives us the specification of the Han officials'situations and characteristics when they assign for some posts in YuShitai, XingYushitai and LianFangsi. The Han people cannot be assigned a post of Mr. YuShi in YuShitai, but they can be act as YuShizhongcheng. Take the YanYou period of RenZong emperor for example, the fore period are mainly former people and noble family's people.Setting up the imperial examinations in YanYou period, it increases the numbers of the ZhongCheng of Han people. The large number of Han scholars who are act as the ShiYushi, ZhiShushiyushi and Supervision Shiyushi mainly take charge of the matter-of-fact things.Four characteristics are included in the supervision institution of Han official: the first one, Han officials are assigned but without respect. The nobles of Mongolia and Semu have to rely on Han scholars to take care of the ordinary affairs because they cannot recognize the Han characters, which causes the phenomenon that Han officials can be used but without the total trust; the second one, the whole ability of the Han officials are high, which can be seen in politics and culture civilization, so they have the predominance in the supervision officials who play the important role in the institution; the third one, Han officials of JiangNan district are pushed out badly. In the last conquered area which was governed by the South Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty takes the measure of not absorbing the Nan people, who are those lived in that area, and there is only few reputable supervisors in the supervision system which was recorded in the history files; the fourth period, the various ways into the official career determines the significance which is given by the upper officials. There are mainly three ways into the official career: imperial examinations, from the military officials or from the lower officials. While the supervisors from the military and lower class have much more resistance.The third chapter introduces the perfection of the supervision system by the Han nationality scholars, which covers the dense Chinese colors to the supervision system of Yuan Dynasty. It calls for the method that the people are the root of the world and demands lessening the taxes and protecting the farmer's ability. In the natural calamity year, relieve the victims and put forward the disadvantages of the system and put the theory of''into the supervision system. Also claim strengthening the ethnic and moral conception and improve the bad situation of the officials.Attaching great importance to the talents, the local supervisors enhance the school education in their precincts. Officials who recommend lots of talented people and officials out of the office require the reform of choosing officials and point out that there are lots of disadvantages in the officials systems, for example, it pays much more attention to the ability and strategy of the officials rather than the moral of the officials and the standard of being chosen as official only considers the period they hold the position rather than the ability. They remind the governor to regard the ability of officials and reopen the imperial examinations as well as limit the number of the officials from lower class to the upper.Since there's privilege classes exist in Yuan Dynasty, the legal system is the weakest chain of the politics. It requires the cruel toture to the robber who destroy the social peace and the superstition organizers; the relax rules to the common people in case of the officials'arbitrariness dealing with the cases. The fourth chapter analyses the importance of Han nationality scholars in supervision practice. Unique characteristics exist besides accomplishing the required tasks by the Han supervisors, for example, advise the emperor and give some suggestion on the affair of the state. Both the idea that people is the root of the country and the supervision theory which gives more significance to the talented people and law are improved and perfected.Without special advisory officials in Yuan Dynasty, so each supervisor has the responsibility to advise the emperor. If the behaviors of the emperor have the following characteristics, the dangerous behaviors, promoting the luxury custom or disobeying the comity, that would be given suggestions. They give the solutions on the interior affairs of the state including misapplying the people, misusing the property and the bribe affairs. As to the external relationship, they demand the Yuan Dynasty keep the high statues as long as the small countries respect it. That is, cherish the labor and object the war to the foreign countries.Impeaching the nobles is the most important function of the Han supervisors, which is the main purpose of setting up the YuShitai position by the governor. Whether the impeachment is succeed or not determines the support of the emperor. The problems of the supervision system appear gradually in Yuan Dynasty, which are given some suggestion by the Han supervisor on the influential problems, such as ShiFengYanShi, Xunan and ZhaShua etc. The main function of the ShiFeng system in to prevent the bad things in the states and keep the suggestion road to the emperor open. The problems of the Xunan and Zhaoshua cannot be exist in all the district and postponed, so they put forward some rules to obey in the supervision on time, felonies to the disobeyers, the suggestion of setting up four script officials to prevent the bribes and of strengthening the supervision to the supervision system.In the end, it summarizes the function of the Han nationality scholars in supervision institutions and finds out the root why the Han supervisors with restrictions cannot completely develop their functions. It thinks that without the emperor's support unconditionally, the Han supervisors cannot fulfill their function. Maybe it is one of the important reasons why the Yuan Dynasty cannot stay so long.